1. The Adaptation of Battle Tactics throughout History Keith Paxton English 252 February19, 2011

2. “Tactic” vs. “Strategy” Strategy-a detailed plan for achieving success in situations such as war, politics, business, industry or sport, or the skill of planning for such situations Tactic – a planned way of doing something Tactics –the arrangement and use of soldiers and equipment in war

3. Eight Strategic and Tactical Principles of War The objective (purpose, reason) The offensive Surprise Security Unity of command (cooperation) Economy of force (ability to use forces effectively) Mass Maneuver

4. The Results of the Battles Marathon – Athenians won Persians: 6,400/20,00 died Greeks: 192/10,000 died Cannae – Hannibal won Carthigians: 5,700 died Romans: about 75,630 died 10,000 captured Antioch – The Christian Crusaders defeated the Muslim Turks

5. The Objective BattleBattle of Marathon (490 BC) Battle of Cannae (216 BC) Battle of Antioch (1097 AD) Objective of attacking side Persians- “to crush the Greek states…” Carthigians (Hannibal)- To crush the Romans Crusaders- To take back the city Objective of Deference Athenians– To defend their territory Romans – To defend their city Turks– To defend the city

6. The Offensive Battle of Marathon Battle of Cannae Battle of Antioch Speed of the Greeks made better offense then the Persians Hannibal and his men had a better offense then the Romans The faith of the Crusaders created a stronger offense then the Turks

7. Surprise Battle of Marathon Battle of Cannae Battle Antioch Athenians surprised the Persians with their speed. Hannibal surprised the Romans with their strength The Crusaders surprised the Turks by following them to there camp

8. Security and Unity of Command Battle of Marathon Battle of Cannae Battle of Antioch Athenians had strong unity and fought for their safety. Persians were not strong in there cause. Hannibal was more unified than the Romans. Romans were scattered by fear. A costly defeat. Turks were scattered by fear and fled. The Crusaders were unified in their cause.

9. Economy of Force Battle of Marathon Battle of Cannae Battle of Antioch The Athenians were unified and used there forces to defeat the Persians quickly. The Romans could not use their forces efficiently and lost to Hannibal. The Crusaders were able to use their forces better than the Turks and they won.

10. Mass and Maneuver Battle of Marathon Battle of Cannae Battle of Antioch Persians had a greater mass but could not maneuver their men. Athenians could. Hannibal could maneuver a huge mass. The Romans could not. The Crusaders maneuvered there force better than the Turks. The Turks lacked unity

11. Summarization Same principles apply to battles today. The principles work together and determine whether or not a nation wins or loses the battle. If they are weak in one principle they lose the battle.

12. Bibliography Images found using Google images “Battle of Marathon” www.eyewitnesstohistory.com 14 Feb 2011 www.eyewitnesstohistory.com