1. Astronomy Basics O What is Astronomy? O The study of the universe beyond our atmosphere. O How can we study it? O Study things that make it to Earth O Meteorites O Samples Collected O Study the light that makes it to Earth O Study light throughout space O What is the light doing? / What’s releasing light?

2. What is Light? Light = The Electromagnetic Spectrum EMS O We call the electromagnetic spectrum light O This includes waves of all different energies…. O NOT just visible light

3. Electromagnetic Spectrum O This is used to organize light based upon energy. O Gamma Rays= highest energy O Radio Waves = Lowest energy O Higher Energy = More Harmful Higher Energy = More Harmful O http://www.youtube. com/watch?v=bjOGN VH3D4Y http://www.youtube. com/watch?v=bjOGN VH3D4Y

4. Wave Energy Electromagnetic Spectrum Wavelength and Frequency O Sorted by Wavelength and Frequency O Wavelength: The distance until a wave repeats itself O Frequency: Amount of waves in a given time interval. O What do you tune your radio to?

5. Wave Energy Electromagnetic Spectrum Wavelength and Frequency O Sorted by Wavelength and Frequency O Wavelength: The distance until a wave repeats itself O Frequency: Amount of waves in a given time interval. O Inversely Related O http://www.youtube.com /watch?v=7Iv4GmyXsCQ http://www.youtube.com /watch?v=7Iv4GmyXsCQ

6. Telescopes O Galileo is credited with improving upon designs of telescopes as well as using them to study space. O Invented by: Hans Lippershey,Zacharias Janssen, and Jacob Metius around 1608 O Collect light information from the universe O Telescopes have 4 benefits that keep us using them to study space.

7. Benefits to Utilizing Telescopes to Study Space Benefit 1 Benefit 2 O You can attach different detectors on telescopes. O These can pick up any portion of the electromagnetic spectrum O Even those not visible to the human eye O Telescopes can focus much more light then the human eye. O The larger the opening through which light enters the higher the light collecting power of the telescope.

8. Benefit 1: Different Detectors O Radio Telescope Gamma Ray Telescope UV Telescope

9. Benefits to Utilizing Telescopes to Study Space Benefit 3 Benefit 4 O Telescopes allow astronomers to use specialized equipment. O Exp: Devices that collect more data O Photometer O Light Intensity O Spectrometer O Telescopes can collect light over a very long period of time continuously O Time Exposures O These allow telescopes to stare at one small spot in space for a very long time. O *Pick up subtle changes we would miss. O Transits!

10. Goal of all telescopes: TO GATHER AS MUCH LIGHT AS POSSIBLE AND BRING IT TO A FOCUS.

11. Types of Telescopes Refracting Telescope O Named because these telescopes bend light. O Use lenses to focus light O Invented 1 st : around 1600. O The largest practical lens size in a refracting telescope is around 1 meter O This limits size and light gathering ability O Lens sagging

12. Refracting Telescope O The lenses at each end work together to focus on a distant object O There job is to gather and focus light for collection O Only telescopes capturing visible light magnify images. O Objective Lens = Lens at the end of the telescope that collects light. O Eyepiece Lens = Magnifies light so objects appear larger. O Lens you look through

13. Types of Telescopes Reflecting Telescope O Named because light is bounced off mirrors O Robert Hooke built the 1 st working model O Uses mirrors to focus light NOT Lenses. O One large single mirror O Array = Combination of many mirrors O Can be much larger then refracting telescopes O Mirrors only have one reflective side so there can be supports all along the back O No sagging of the mirror can occur O Majority of telescopes used O http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kbktvc GW90E&feature=results_video&playnext= 1&list=PL70EF5107331737C6 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kbktvc GW90E&feature=results_video&playnext= 1&list=PL70EF5107331737C6

14. Reflecting Telescope

15. Telescopes O Found away from cities O Lights affect image clarity O High Locations O Less atmosphere to distort images O Used in all wavelengths to find out about the universe

16. Radio Telescope Radio Wave Collection Interferometry O Radio Wave Telescopes look like huge satellite dishes O Radio Waves are converted into electrical signals and then stored on a computer. O Linking separate telescopes together so that they act as one telescope.

17. Cartoon I love Ms. Taylor

18. Why Send Telescopes Into Space? O 1). Earth’s atmosphere blocks infrared, UV, gamma, and x-rays from hitting Earth; radio bandwidth used by humans O Hard to observe these from Earth O 2).Images of radiation that make it to Earth are blurred by atmosphere O 3). Close-up Images and Obtain Samples

19. Hubble Space Telescope Hubble Facts Hubble’s Cameras O Hubble has revealed the age of the universe to be about 13 to 14 billion years O Discovered dark energy O Discovered galaxies in all stages of evolution O Hubble completes a spin around Earth every 97 minutes O moving at the speed of about five miles per second O http://hubblesite.or g/gallery/album/th e_universe/ http://hubblesite.or g/gallery/album/th e_universe/

20. Hubble Space Telescope O Sent into orbit in 1990 O Expected to end mission in 2014 O Reflecting Telescope O Hubble’s Cameras O Wide Field Camera 3 O Cosmic Origins Spectrograph O Advanced Camera for Surveys O Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph O Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer O Fine Guidance Sensors

21. Hubble Achievements O Numerous highlights include: 1). The Hubble Deep Fields 2). Proof that quasars reside in galaxies 3). Expansion of the universe measured 4). Proof that gamma-ray burst are found in galaxies

22. Other Forms of Space Based Observation O Space-crafts: O Used for exploring planets within our solar system O Robotic probes can land and collect information directly Curiosity Cassini New Horizons Voyagers

23. Space Exploration O Human Spaceflight O ISS O Telescopes and other satellites O The moon

24. Phases of the Moon O ½ of the Moon is illuminated at all times. O Why don’t we always see a half moon? O We do not always see the illuminated half O Depends on where the Moon is in its orbit around the Earth

25. Phases of the Moon O New Moon:When no part of the Moon is visible from Earth. O The Moon must be positioned between the earth and sun. O The entire illuminated portion of the moon is on the back side of the moon, the half that we cannot see.

26. Phases of the Moon O Full Moon: When the entire Moon surface is visible from Earth. O The Earth, Moon, and Sun must be positioned in a straight line. O Like the new moon O But…the moon is on the opposite side of the earth O The entire sunlit half of the moon is facing us. O The shadowed half of the Moon is entirely hidden from view.

27. Phases of the Moon O Quarter Moon (1 st and 3 rd ) This is a Half Moon: When approximately half of the Moon is visible from Earth. O This happens when the moon is at a 90 degree angle with respect to the earth and sun. O We are seeing exactly half of the moon illuminated by the Sun and half of the Moon in shadow.

28. Phases of the Moon O Waxing = Growing O More of the Moon Is Gradually Becoming Visible. O Until you reach the Full Moon O Waxing Crescent: less then half of the Moon is illuminated. O Occurs right after the New Moon.

29. Phases of the Moon O Waxing = Growing O More of the More Is Gradually Becoming Visible. O Until you reach the Full Moon O Waxing Gibbous: More than half of the Moon is visible. O Occurs right before the Full Moon

30. Phases of the Moon O Waning: Shrinking O Less of the Moon is gradually becoming visible O Until you reach the New Moon. O Waning Gibbous: When more then half of the Moon is visible O Occurs right after the full Moon

31. Phases of the Moon O Waning: Shrinking O Less of the Moon is gradually becoming visible O Until you reach the New Moon. O Waning Crescent: When less then half of the Moon is visible. O Occurs after the half Moon O Right before the new Moon

32. Moon Phase Cycle

33. Why do we always see the same face of the moon? O Synchronous Rotation O The moon’s orbital period equals its revolution period O https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OZIB _leg75Q https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OZIB _leg75Q

34. Solar Eclipse O Occurs when the moon passes between the Earth and the Sun. O This can only happen during a new moon O This blocks our view of the Sun O Whether you see a total or partial lunar eclipse depends on where you are on Earth. O http://www.youtube. com/watch?v=E1B3 RLf1A1s http://www.youtube. com/watch?v=E1B3 RLf1A1s

35. Lunar Eclipse O This happens when the Moon passes through the Earth’s shadow. O Happens only during a full Moon O Moon is opposite of the Sun O Moon is faint/barely visible O Can be light red O Penumbra: Most direct light from the Sun is blocked. O Umbra: All direct light from the Sun is blocked. O http://www.youtube. com/watch?v=wuhN ZejHeBg http://www.youtube. com/watch?v=wuhN ZejHeBg

36. Unique Lunar Properties Size Orbit O Earth’s Moon O One of the largest moons in our solar system. O Especially compared to the small size of Earth. O Only large Moon among the inner planets O Mercury and Venus have no Moons O Mars’ Moons are just pieces of rock. O Orbits farther away from Earth then other Moon’s do around their planets O Odd due to the size of the Moon

41. Unique Lunar Properties Composition O Earth’s Moon O Solid and Rocky O Outer Planet Moons = Icy O Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.

42. Surface Features of the Moon O 1). Highlands O Light colored areas O Lots of mountains O Lots of craters O Huge changes in elevation O Use the lightest color of play-dough provided to construct this feature.

43. Surface Features of the Moon O 2). Maria (Mare) O Dark Regions O Smooth Plains O Consistent flat elevation O On average, these areas are lower in elevation than the highlands O

44. Surface Features of the Moon O Impact Crater O Depressions of various sizes in the Moon’s surface. O Caused by space material crashing to the Moon’s surface. O Using various objects located around your desks make a series of impact craters in your highlands.

45. Surface Features of the Moon O Ejecta O The chunks of Moon displaced in impacts. O When an space object hits the Moon, pieces of the Moon are disturbed. O Use your play-dough to model the presence of ejecta around your previously made impact craters.

46. Surface pieces of the Moon O Rays O Long trails of ejecta O Form when pieces of the Moon are thrown far away from the impact zone. O Light Colored Streaks O Use your light color of play-dough to create long lines of ejecta leaving your impact craters.

47. Surface features of the Moon O Rilles O Found in Maria sections of the Moon O Appear as cracks in the surface O Valleys O Areas of lower elevation O Using your play- dough, constructed maria and create rilles; areas of lower elevation.

48. Surface features of the Moon O Regolith O Layer of loose rocky mater found on the surface of the Moon. O Very fine regolith has a texture like snow O Thicker in older areas. O More 10-20m in the Highlands O 3-5m in the Maria O Illustrate the presence of regolith in your play dough models.

49. How did the Moon Form? O 3 Main Theories O 1). Capture Theory O 2). Simultaneous Formation O 3). Impact Theory O Most Widely Accepted of the 3 Theories

50. Planetary Formation O Spinning, flattening, and heating

52. Capture Theory O A large object traveled to close to the Earth O Became trapped in the Earth’s gravitational pull O This object formed the moon O Problems: O 1). What slowed down the large object? O Should have been an impact O 2). If the Moon was just captured, the Earth and Moon should be made of very different materials. O Earth and Moon are very similar in composition http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OZ UB2S7xoDk

53. Simultaneous Formation O This theory states that the Moon and the Earth formed around the same time and in the same place. O Fixes problems with capture theory O Composition of both would be similar O Moon was already there; didn’t have to slow down O Problem O Why does the Earth contain so much more iron then the Moon? O Earth = Iron Rich O Moon = Iron Poor O If they formed at the same time in the same place these values should be more equal.

54. Impact Theory O The Moon formed because of a huge collision between the Earth and a Mars sized object. O This collision expelled material from both the Earth and the Mars sized object. O Eventually this material combined to form the Moon O Fixes the problem with Simultaneous Formation theory. O Explains the iron difference O Explains why the moon and Earth are made of mostly the same materials. O http://www.youtube.c om/watch?v=ibV4Md N5wo0 http://www.youtube.c om/watch?v=ibV4Md N5wo0

55. Lunar Surface Characteristics O Surface of the Moon is very dark O Low Albedo O Reflects little sunlight O Lunar surface varies greatly in temperature O No atmosphere O Very Hot or Very Cold

56. New Term O Albedo: The amount of reflected light O White: High Albedo O Cooler O Highlands have a high albedo (Light) O Black: Low Albedo O Absorbs light instead of reflecting it O Warmest Thermometer O Maria have a low albedo (dark)

57. Lunar Surface Facts O No erosion on the Moon O No atmosphere O No flowing water O Temperature changes drastically O Caused by albedo O Light Surfaces = Cooler O Darker Zones = Warmer

58. How old is the Moon? O How do we know the age of various regions of the Moon? O Scientists dated rocks O Studies have shown that the Highlands formed before the Maria

59. Highland Age O 3.8-4.6 billion years old O 800 million years ago lots of space stuff impacted the Moon O From studying the highlands and the amount of impact craters present O Caused a loose layer of rock to build up O Regolith O Regolith allows astronauts footprints to be visible.

60. Maria Age O 3.1 and 3.8 billion years old O Formed by lava filling up huge impact crater holes. O Some space objects impacted the Moon so intensely that the inner molten layer of the partial melt; this is under the mantle. O This is why the Maria is free of crater impacts O Not many space objects have hit the Moon since the Maria was formed O Rilles are formed by past lava flows. O Highlands are usually higher in elevation because lava did not completely the basins. O There are no Maria on the far side of the Moon because the crust appears to be thicker. O Harder for lava to escape.

61. Moon Tectonics O Mountains were NOT formed by plate tectonics on the Moon O Scientists believe the Moon is not currently tectonically active O Possess no active volcanoes O Has no magnetic pole O Layers of the Moon

62. Motions of the Moon Cause Tides What is a Tide? Tides Change From Place to Place O Periodic Rise and Fall in Sea Level O (Sea Level: height of ocean) O High Tide O Highest Water ever rises O Low Tide O Lowest level of water

63. Cause of Tides What causes Tides? O Gravitational Attraction between the Earth, Moon, and Sun. O Gravitational Attraction decreases with distance. O Force pulling the water towards the Moon or Sun.

64. Lunar Tides Solar Tides O Caused by the Moon O More intense because the moon is closer to the Earth O Gravitational Pull is more intense O Caused by Sun O Less intense O Sun is farther away from the Earth O Combined These Tides Can Be Extreme

65. Tides O If the Sun and Moon are in a straight line and pulling on the Earth = High Tides O If the Sun and Moon are not in a straight line = low tides O http://www.youtube. com/watch?v=kHvB UDk7kkQ http://www.youtube. com/watch?v=kHvB UDk7kkQ O Combined Effects = High Tides