1. DIRECT SPEECH AND INDIRECT SPEECH ASSALAMU’ALAIK UM

2. Direct and Indirect Speech When we change the direct speech into indirect sentences, there are some things that are changing them changes in sentence structure, tense, pronouns ( personal pronouns ), description of time and place ( Adverbs of time and place ). Before going further into sub - discussion above, it is good there is also understood what was meant Reporting Speech and Reported Speech. Reporting Speech is part of the sentence in direct speech is marked by quotation marks ( " ) and at the end by a quotation mark ( " ). He said, " I have a present for you in my bag. " He asked me, " why do you come late ?. " While Reported Speech is part the beginning of a sentence direct speech. He said, " I have a present for you in my bag. " He asked me, " why do you come late ?. "

3. 1. Structure change of sentence If we look at the direct speech sentence, there are characteristics that are identical quotation marks ( " ). Marks learned is a way that is often used to distinguish which are direct or indirect. When the changed climates of direct speech into indirect speech sentence, the quotation marks were removed or replaced with the word "that " or " to " ( for command line ). for example : NoDirect SpeechIndirect Speech 1.He said, "I have a present for you in my bag." He said that he had a present for me in his bag. 2. He asked me, "why do you come late." He asked me why I came late. 3.He ordered me, "don't bring a bag." He ordered me to didn't bring a bag.

4. Sentence structure changes also occur if the direct speech using interrogative sentence, it will be converted into an affirmative sentence ( news ). For the use of direct speech sentence interrogative sentence " yes -no question " it will be changed to if / Whether. For example : NoDirect SpeechIndirect Speech 1.They asked me, " Do you want to join us to play football ? " They asked me if / Whether I want to join them to play football. 2.He asked me, " Does she want to mary me ? " He asked me if / Whether she wants to mary her.

5. For direct speech sentences using 5W1H question ( Why, Who, What, When, Where, How ), it will be converted into an affirmative sentence in the following way : NoDirect SpeechIndirect Speech 1.He asked me, "why do you come late?" He asked me why you came late. 2. He asked me, "what does she eat?" He asked me what she ate. 3. He asked me, "when did you come?" He asked me when I came. 4. He asked me, "who are you?"He asked me who I was. 5. He asked me, "who is she?"He asked me who she was.

6. 2. Tense changes ( tenses ) As explained upfront, the changed from direct to indirect also affects the tense used. Most students difficult to understand change this one. Below is a table of tenses change direct speech into indirect speech. NoDirect SpeechIndirect Speech 1.Simple PresentSimple Past 2. Present ContinuousPast Continuous 3. Present FuturePast Future 4. Present PerfectPast Perfect 5. Present Perfect ContinuousPast Perfect Continuous 6. Simple PastPast Perfect 7. Past ContinuousPast Perfect Continuous

7. Or it could be made easier with the following table below, namely : NoDirect SpeechIndirect Speech 1. V1V2 2. V2Had + V3 3. Am/is/areWas/were 4. Do/doesDid 5. Do/does notDid not 6. Did notHad not + V3 7. Was/wereHad been 8. Am/is/are + V-ingWas/were + V-ing 9. Was/were +V-ingHad been + V-ing 10. Has/have + V3Had + V3 11. Will/shall/can/may/mustWould/should/could/might/had to 12. Could/might/should/would + V1/be Could/might/should/would + have+ V3/been

8. 3. Pronoun changes And possessive pronouns change depending on subjects and objects used in direct speech ( sentences directly ) that would affect the change pronouns in indirect speech ( sentences not directly ). *First person pronouns ( I and We ) on speech reporting ( see explanation in the beginning ) change according to the subject that is in reproted speech. NoDirect SpeechIndirect Speech 01He said, ‘I am busy.’He said that he was busy. 02She said, ‘I am unwell.’She said that she was unwell. 03I said, ‘I will be late.’I said that I would be late. 04 They said, ‘We will not permit this.’ They said that they would not permit that. 05 We said, ‘We need to buy some clothes.’ We said that we needed to buy some clothes.

9. * The second person pronoun ( You) in reporting speech in direct speech changes according to object to reported speech. NoDirect SpeechIndirect Speech 1. He said to me, ‘You have to come with me.’ He told me that I had to go with him. 2.She said to me, ‘You can go.’She told me that I could go. 3.She said to him, ‘You can go.’She told him that he could go.

10. *Third person pronoun ( He, she, it and they ) in direct speech did not change when changed into indirect speech. NoDirect SpeechIndirect Speech 01He said, ‘She is a good girl.’He said that she was a good girl. 02She said, ‘They have invited us.’ She said that they had invited them. 03 They said, ‘He does not have the necessary qualifications.’ They said that he did not have the necessary qualifications.

11. Not only that, the changes from direct speech to indirect speech also affects especially adverbs adverb of time ( time information ) and adverb of place ( description of place ). For that you must understand the table below. NoDirect SpeechIndirect Speech 01NowThen 02To dayThat day 03Tomorrow The next day The day after The following day A day later 04Next... The... after The following... 05Last... The... before The Previous... 06... ago... before... earlier 07Yesterday The day before The previous day The preceeding day 08The day before yesterdayTwo day before 09HereThere 10ThisThat 11TheseThose

12. Below are examples of direct and indirect speech to increase the understanding of the above explanation. Direct SpeechIndirect Speech (+) He said, “I have a present for you in my bag. here” He said that he had a present for me in his bag there. (-) He said, “I do not have a present for you in my bag” He said that he did not have a present for me in his bag. (?) He asked, “Do I have a present for you in my bag?” He asked me if/whether he had a present for me in his bag. (?) He asked me, “ Why do I have to have a present for you in my bag? He asked me why he had to have a present for me in his bag. (!) He ordered/commanded me, “Bring my bag here now!” He ordered/commanded me to bring his bag there then. (!) He ordered me, “Don’t bring your bag here!”He ordered me not to bring my bag there.

13. Direct and Indirect Speech consists of 3 types: I. Statement II. Command III. Question

14. I. STATEMENT In the Indirect Statement we use that word ( that ) as a liaison between the introductory sentence ( introduce phrases ) and words that reported (reported words ). Introductory sentences in indirect statement is : Example : a. My sister said to me " I do not like tennis " ⬄ My sister said to me that she did not like tennis. b. Father said " I am going out of town tomorrow " ⬄ Father said that he was going out of town the following day. If the introductory sentence in the form of the Simple Present Tense, the sentence which reported no change. Example : a. John says "I will go to London tomorrow " ⬄ John says that he will go to London tomorrow b. Mary says " I have seen that movie " ⬄ Mary says that she has seen that movie

15. II. COMMAND Command was divided into two (2 ) parts: 1. positive Command In the command we add to positive in front of the command line, as a liaison between the introductory sentence and orders were reported. Introductory sentences in this type are : Example: a. He asked me " Open your book " ⬄ He asked me to open my book. b. The teacher said to the students " Be quiet while I am talking " ⬄ The teacher told the students to be quiet while she is talking. to + Infinitive

16. 2. Negative Command In negative commands us not to add the commands were reported. Example : a. Mary told John " Do not wait for me" ⬄ Mary told John not to wait for her. b. Ira asked Tom " Do not come to my house again" ⬄ Ira asked tom not to come to her house again. c. Mothers asked John " Do not smoke too much" ⬄ Mother asked John not to smoke too much. Not to + Infinitive

17. III. QUESTION When the question directly (direct question) use question words such as Where, When, Why, What, Who, How, etc., then the words are used as intermediaries in reported Speech. Example : a. The man asked me : " Where do you live ? " ⬄ The man asked me where I lived. b. John asked Mary : " Why do you get angry with me ? " ⬄ John asked Mary why she got angry with him. c. I asked him : " When did you get back from your trip ? " ⬄ I asked him when he had got back from his trip.

18. When the question was not directly asked to use words, and only the question in the form of " Yes and No Question ", then we use the words if, Whether as a relation between the introductory sentences and questions were reported. Example : a. The boy asked John : " Does Mary live near here ? " ⬄ The boy asked John if Mary lived near there. b. The teacher asked her : " Have you finished your homework ? " ⬄ The teacher asked her if he had finished her homework. c. We asked them : " Will you go to the movies with us tonight ? " ⬄ We asked them Whether they would go to the movie with us that night.

19. Reported SPEECH / MIXED TYPE ( Combined Type ) If the questions and statements are incorporated into Reported Speech then we use the word as ( because ) as a connector on the sentence statement reported. In this case the sentence statement reported later. Example: a. She asked me : " What is the time ? ", my watch has stopped. ⬄ She asked me what the time was as her watch had stopped. b. Ira asked John : " what is the matter with you ? " You do not look well. ⬄ Ira asked John what the matter was with him as he did not look well. c.I asked her : " How long have you been studying English ? " Your accent is very good. ⬄ I asked her how long she had been studying her English accent as he was very good.

20. When the direct question along with the answer Yes and No, then we use the word but as relation to answer No and words and as a relation to answer Yes. Example : a. He asked me : " Will you go out with me ? " No, I will not. ⬄ He asked me if I would go out with him but I said I would not. b. Mother asked John : " Have you had lunch ? " No, I have not. ⬄ Mother asked John if he had had lunch but he said he had not. c. I asked her : " Do you like vegetables ? " Yes, I do. ⬄ I asked her if she liked vegetables and she said she did. d. Mary asked John : " Did you phone me last night ? " Yes, I did. ⬄ Mary asked John if he had phoned her the night before and he said he had.