1. Slide 4-1 Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 4

2. Slide 4-2 Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 4 4 Computer Organization

3. Slide 4-3 Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 4 Stored Program Computers and Electronic Devices Patter n Fixed Electronic Device Variable Program Stored Program Device Jacquard Loom

4. Slide 4-4 Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 4 Program Specification int a, b, c, d;... a = b + c; d = a - 100; Source ; Code for a = b + c load R3,b load R4,c add R3,R4 store R3,a ; Code for d = a - 100 load R4,=100 subtract R3,R4 store R3,d Assembly Language

5. Slide 4-5 Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 4 Machine Language ; Code for a = b + c load R3,b load R4,c add R3,R4 store R3,a ; Code for d = a - 100 load R4,=100 subtract R3,R4 store R3,d Assembly Language 10111001001100…1 10111001010000…0 10100111001100…0 10111010001100…1 10111001010000…0 10100110001100…0 10111001101100…1 Machine Language

6. Slide 4-6 Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 4 The von Neumann Architecture Control Unit (CU) Central Processing Unit (CPU) Device Address Bus Data Bus Arithmetical Logical Unit (ALU) Primary Memory Unit (Executable Memory)

7. Slide 4-7 Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 4 The ALU R1 R2 Rn... Status Registers Functional Unit Left Operand Right Operand Result To/from Primary Memory load R3,b load R4,c add R3,R4 store R3,a

8. Slide 4-8 Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 4 Control Unit 3046 3050 3054 3058 Primary Memory Fetch Unit Decode Unit Execute Unit PC IR Control Unit load R3,b load R4,c add R3,R4 store R3,a 10111001001100…1 10111001010000…0 10100111001100…0 10111010001100…1 load R4, c 3054

9. Slide 4-9 Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 4 Control Unit Operation PC = ; IR = memory[PC]; haltFlag = CLEAR; while(haltFlag not SET) { execute(IR); PC = PC + sizeof(INSTRUCT); IR = memory[PC]; // fetch phase }; Fetch phase: Instruction retrieved from memory Execute phase: ALU op, memory data reference, I/O, etc.

10. Slide 4-10 Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 4 Primary Memory Unit MAR MDR Command 0 1 2 n-1 123498765 Read Op: 1234 1. Load MAR with address read 2. Load Command with “read” 98765 3. Data will then appear in the MDR

11. Slide 4-11 Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 4 The Device-Controller-Software Relationship Application Program Device Controller Device Software in the CPU Abstract I/O Machine Device manager Program to manage device controller Supervisor mode software

12. Slide 4-12 Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 4 Device Controller Interface Command Status Data 0 Data 1 Data n-1 Logic busydoneError code... busy done 0 0 idle 0 1 finished 1 0 working 1 1 (undefined)

13. Slide 4-13 Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 4 Control Unit with Interrupt (Hardware) PC = ; IR = memory[PC]; haltFlag = CLEAR; while(haltFlag not SET) { execute(IR); PC = PC + sizeof(INSTRUCT); IR = memory[PC]; if(InterruptRequest) { memory[0] = PC; PC = memory[1] }; memory[1] contains the address of the interrupt handler

14. Slide 4-14 Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 4 Interrupt Handler (Software) interruptHandler() { saveProcessorState(); for(i=0; i<NumberOfDevices; i++) if(device[i].done) goto deviceHandler(i); /* something wrong if we get to here … */ deviceHandler(int i) { finishOperation(); returnToScheduler(); }

15. Slide 4-15 Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 4 A Race Condition saveProcessorState() { for(i=0; i<NumberOfRegisters; i++) memory[K+i] = R[i]; for(i=0; i<NumberOfStatusRegisters; i++) memory[K+NumberOfRegisters+i] = StatusRegister[i]; } PC = ; IR = memory[PC]; haltFlag = CLEAR; while(haltFlag not SET) { execute(IR); PC = PC + sizeof(INSTRUCT); IR = memory[PC]; if(InterruptRequest && InterruptEnabled) { disableInterupts(); memory[0] = PC; PC = memory[1] };

16. Slide 4-16 Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 4 Revisiting the trap Instruction (Hardware) executeTrap(argument) { setMode(supervisor); switch(argument) { case 1: PC = memory[1001]; // Trap handler 1 case 2: PC = memory[1002]; // Trap handler 2... case n: PC = memory[1000+n];// Trap handler n }; The trap instruction dispatches a trap handler routine atomically Trap handler performs desired processing “A trap is a software interrupt”

17. Slide 4-17 Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 4 Direct Memory Access Primary Memory CPU Controller Device Primary Memory CPU Controller Device

18. Slide 4-18 Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 4 Addressing Devices Primary Memory Device 0 Device 1 Device n-1 Primary Memory Device 0 Device 1 Device n-1 Device Addresses Memory Addresses

19. Slide 4-19 Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 4 Polling I/O (Please refer to the Errata Sheet of the Textbook – A Better Version) … // Start the device … While((busy == 1) || (done == 1)) wait(); // Device I/O complete … done = 0; … while((busy == 0) && (done == 1)) wait(); // Do the I/O operation busy = 1; … busy = 0; done = 1; busydone Software Hardware Note: This part is added, compared to Fig. 4.11 of the textbook

20. Slide 4-20 Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 4 Fetch-Execute Cycle with an Interrupt while (haltFlag not set during execution) { IR = memory[PC]; PC = PC + 1; execute(IR); if (InterruptRequest) { /* Interrupt the current process */ /* Save the current PC in address 0 */ memory[0] = PC; /* Branch indirect through address 1 */ PC = memory[1]; }

21. Slide 4-21 Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 4 Detecting an Interrupt CPU Device InterruptRequest flag

22. Slide 4-22 Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 4 The Interrupt Handler Interrupt_Handler{ saveProcessorState(); for (i=0; i<Number_of_devices; i++) if (device[i].done == 1) goto device_handler(i); /* Something wrong if we get here */ }

23. Slide 4-23 Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 4 Disabling Interrupts if(InterruptRequest && InterruptEnabled) { /* Interrupt current process */ disableInterrupts(); memory[0] = PC; PC = memory[1]; }

24. Slide 4-24 Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 4 The Trap Instruction Operation S Mode Trusted Code trap UserSupervisor Branch Table 2 31

25. Slide 4-25 Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 4 Intel System Initialization ROM CMOS RAM Boot Device POST BIOS Boot Prog Loader OS … Hardware Process Data Flow Power Up

26. Slide 4-26 Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 4 Bootstrapping Bootstrap loader (“boot sector”) Primary Memory 1 0x0001000 Fetch Unit Decode Unit Execute Unit 0000100 … … PC IR BIOS loader 0x0000100

27. Slide 4-27 Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 4 Bootstrapping Bootstrap loader (“boot sector”) Primary Memory Loader 1 2 Fetch Unit Decode Unit Execute Unit 0001000 … … PC IR BIOS loader 0x0000100 0x0001000 0x0008000

28. Slide 4-28 Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 4 Bootstrapping Bootstrap loader (“boot sector”) Primary Memory Loader OS 1 2 3 Fetch Unit Decode Unit Execute Unit 0008000 … … PC IR BIOS loader 0x0000100 0x0001000 0x0008000 0x000A000

29. Slide 4-29 Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 4 Bootstrapping Bootstrap loader (“boot sector”) Primary Memory Loader OS 1 2 3 4. Initialize hardware 5. Create user environment 6. … Fetch Unit Decode Unit Execute Unit 000A000 … … PC IR BIOS loader 0x0000100 0x0001000 0x0008000 0x000A000

30. Slide 4-30 Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 4 A Pipelined Function Unit Function Unit Operand 1 Operand 2 Result Operand 1 Operand 2 Result (a) Monolithic Unit (b) Pipelined Unit

31. Slide 4-31 Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 4 A SIMD Machine ALU Control Unit ALU Control Unit ALU … (a) Conventional Architecture (b) SIMD Architecture