1. Prof. Dr. Julia Franz Institut für Erziehungswissenschaft / Lehrstuhl für EB/WB A Systematical Perspective on Intergenerational Learning

2. Overview 1.Why are we talking about intergenerational learning? 2.A systematical description of intergenerational learning 3.Two best possible conditions for intergenerational learning programs

3. 1Why are we talking about intergenerational learning ?

4. Demographic developments in Europe “From a demographic point of view Europe combines some “extremes”: Many of the 27 EU member states […] experience the lowest fertility worldwide. At the same time most of the 27 EU member states and all other parts of Western Europe belong to the group of countries with the highest life expectancy world wide. In the future the majority of EU member states will experience an excess of deaths over births. And until 2050, the median age in the EU 27 will rise to 48 years.” (Muenz 2007: 1)

5. Demographic developments in Europe

6. „Clash of Generations“ A clash of generations is predicted in popular discources (Gronemeyer 1991, Schirrmacher 2004, Friedmann 2011). Empirical perspectives: Studies concerning transmission of material and immaterial goods within families show a strong intergenerational support (for instance: Künemund/Motel 2000) Studies concerning attitudes show that adolescents have a very respectful attitude towards older people in Germany (cf. Shell 2006; 2010)

7. „Clash of Generations“ No signs for a clash of generations but Changing intergenerational relationship Changing concepts of knowledge Changing family structures

8. Theoretical Approaches Intergenerational Learning collective learning process (cf. Kant 1803; Titze 2000) individual learning process (cf. Lüscher 1993, 2005; Lüscher/Liegle 2008) implicit learning processes

9. Summary Reasons to talk about intergenerational learning: Demographical Change Anticipated change of intergenerational relationships Theories of implicit intergenerational learning Growing field of intergenerational practice The practice is not always called intergenerational (Kitlinska 2013; 1551)

10. 2A systematical description of intergenerational learning

11. Genealogical concept of generation genetically succession of family members Latin origin „generare“: to generate; to originate related family members (grandparents, children and grandchildren).

12. Pedagogical concept of generation generations are seen as a learning connection one generation takes the role of a teacher, while the other generation takes the role of learners Traditionally: „What does the older generation actually want with the younger generation?” (Friedrich Schleiermacher) In „postmodern“ conditions: Every generation can learn from another.

13. Historical-sociological concept of generations different groups in a society as generations These generations are constitutet by collectivly shared experiences of historical events during youth Karl Mannheim (1928): Generation status (birth cohort) Generation actuality (sharing the same experiences) Generation units (process the experience in a similar way)

14. Historical-sociological concept of generation “Youth experiencing the same concrete historical problems may be said to be part of the same actual generation; while those groups within the actual generation which work up the material of their common experience in different specific ways, constitute separate generation units” (cf. Mannheim 1928; p. 304).

15. Learning from each other One generation informs and supports the other generation.

16. Learning with each other The participants are working and learning with each other on common and new topics

17. ….focuses historical and biographical living conditions and the experiences of one generation. Learning about each other

18. Learning from each other Learning with each other Learning about each other Genealogical concept of generation Pedagogical concept of generation Historical- sociological concept of generation Schema of Intergenerational Learning

19. 19 Learning from each other Learning with each other Learning about each other Genealogical concept of generation Pedagogical concept of generation Historical- sociological concept of generation Normal case of intergenerational learning within families „Between fast food and fair trade“ Genealogical perspective can also have an effect on workplaces learning!

20. 20 Learning from each other Learning with each other Learning about each other Genealogical concept of generation Pedagogical concept of generation Historical- sociological concept of generation Family members learn with each other about common topics „Giants meet Dwarves“ (Kreisau Initiative, Poland) Digital Family (campaigning for learning, UK)

21. 21 Learning from each other Learning with each other Learning about each other Genealogical concept of generation Gedagogical concept of generation Historical- sociological concept of generation Family members learn about the experiences of one generation “Grandparents day in school” (UK, USA, Ireland etc.) Family Photo-Albums as a tool for intergenerational communication

22. 22 Learning from each other Learning with each other Learning about each other Genealogical concept of generation Research reflection Genealogical oriented intergenerational learning arrangements imply an ambivalence of closeness and distance. ►They are suitable for grandparents and children, because it meets their needs from a psychological perspective. Genealogical arrangements are also suitable for not related children and older people ► “social grandparents” Genealogical concepts might also have an influence on workplace learning

23. 23 Learning from each other Learning with each other Learning about each other Genealogical concept of generation Pedagogical concept of generation Historical- sociological concept of generation Two generations are brought together, so that one generation can profit and learn from the other generation. Family learning: “godparents of reading”, social family grandparents Community learning: older people support adolescents in the passage between school and work life in different local communities Workplace learning: Mentoring Projects and leadership ‘Intergenerational knowledge brokerage' (IKB): Research about the facilitation of knowledge of teachers close to retirement

24. 24 Learning from each other Learning with each other Learning about each other Genealogical concept of generation Pedagogical concept of generation Mentoring Bsp.: Objektpaten, Kunstwerkpaten Historical- sociological concept of generation Two generations are brought together to learn with each other on common topics. “Towards a fair city” Intergenerational Learning Programme

25. 25 Learning from each other Learning with each other Learning about each other Genealogical concept of generation Pedagogical concept of generation Historical- sociological concept of generation Narration of biographical and historical experiences of one generation to another contemporary witnesses My Story (EuroEd Foundation, Romania) Idea: “My Story”….of the community …of the workplace

26. 26 Learning from each other Learning with each other Learning about each other Pedagogical concept of generation Research reflection The cooperation between adolescents and older participants is not always easy, does not happen automatically and needs a sensitive pedagogical guidance The anticipation that the younger should learn from the older generation might be a barrier at the beginning. When intergenerational groups have overcome this initial barrier by getting to know each other they work intensively together. Differences between generations are coming to the surface (Learning cultures, learning methods etc.) Therefore in pedagogical oriented arrangements for intergenerational learning a sensitive pedagogical guidance is indispensable.

27. 27 Learning from each other Learning with each other Learning about each other Genealogical concept of generation Pedagogical concept of generation Historical- sociological concept of generation Different generation units are learning from each other. On the contrast to other mentoring projects the reflection of historical contexts is focused. Biographic oriented methods

28. 28 Learning from each other Learning with each other Learning about each other Genealogical concept of generation Pedagogical concept of generation Historical- sociological concept of generation Different generation units are brought together to learn on common themes. Detectives of Energy Songs of Generations

29. 29 Learning from each other Learning with each other Learning about each other Genealogical concept of generation Pedagogical concept of generation Historical- sociological concept of generation Learning about different generation units Museum Ideas: Artefacts of communities/workplace

30. 30 Learning from each other Learning with each other Learning about each other historical- sociological concept of generation Research reflection -These kinds of arrangements provide the possibility to experience difference and otherness. -It is possible to divide two pedagogical forms of handling historical and biographical differences: Difference explicitimplicit -enables participants to explore differences in experiences and perspectives -pedagogical practice which visualises intergenerational differences -different generation-specific knowledge might be able to enrich the learning process of all generations. -locally embedded learning arrangements

31. Learning from each other Learning with each other Learning about each other Genealogical concept of generation Normal case of intergenerational learning within families Family members learn with each other about common topics Family members learn about the experiences of one generation Pedagogical concept of generation One generation profits and learns from the other generation. Two generations are brought together to learn with each other on common topics. Narration of biographical and historical experiences of one generation to another Historical- sociological concept of generation Different generation units are learning from each other Different generation units learn on common themes Learning about different generation units

32. 3Two of the best possible conditions for intergenerational learning

33. In intergenerational learning arrangements it is sometimes implied, that younger generations should learn from the older. Learning processes going beyond that idea are not happening automatically. Therefore a sensitive pedagogical guidance is needed.

34. In intergenerational Learning Arrangements a clarification of the intergenerational target groups is important.

35. Intergenerational Target Groups and Arrangements Target GroupArrangement Children and SeniorsGenealogical Arrangements Adolescents and older Adults Pedagogical settings to explore differences All GenerationsCommunity oriented Arrangements

36. Thank you very much for your kind attention!