1. MODERN WORLD

2. Economic interdependence and Global Trade – One major effect of global trade is increased economic interdependence – Interdependence = a relationship among countries in which they depend on one another for resources, goods, and services – Globalization = the process in which trade and culture link together countries around the world – One effect of economic interdependence is that certain events can affect the economies of many nations

3. – Multinational corporations are large companies that operate in multiple countries One benefit to multinational corporations comes from outsourcing Outsourcing is the practice of having work done elsewhere to cut costs or increase production – Free trade is the exchange of goods among nations without trade barriers, such as tariffs

4. – A variety of international trade organizations exist today to promote and regulate free trade World Trade Organization (WTO) = monitors national trade policies and helps resolve trade disputes Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) = works to control the production and price of oil The largest regional trade bloc is the European Union Another large regional trade bloc is NAFTA

5. – The world’s countries are often grouped into two basic categories: Developed countries are industrialized nations with strong economies and a high standard of living – People in developed countries generally have access to good health care, education, and technology – Only 20% of the world’s nations are considered developed Developing countries are those with less productive economies and a lower standard of living – Many people in these countries lack adequate education and health care

6. – Benefits to global trade include developing nations providing new and valuable markets for developed nations, along with new technology being introduced to developing nations – Opponents of global trade argue that the process benefits wealthy developed nations at the expense of developing nations – Cultural diffusion is the spread of culture traits from one region to another Travel, trade, and mass media (television, movies, music) are the most powerful methods of cultural diffusion Some people believe this has led to the growth of consumerism – One fear is that globalization is beginning to create a common world culture One of the biggest challenges to globalization may be to preserve valuable traditional cultures

7. Human Rights – In 1948 the United Nations issued the Universal Declaration of Human Rights It states that all people serve basic rights – Abuse of human rights takes place all around the world – women, children, religious and ethnic minorities are the most at risk – NGO is a nongovernmental organization that is formed to provide services or to promote certain public policies One example of a NGO is the Red Cross

8. Global challenges – Poverty – more than 20% of the world’s population lives on less than $1 a day They also do not have access to basic services such as education and health care Famine, or an extreme shortage of food, can be a result of poverty – Globalization has made controlling disease a challenge for the entire world An epidemic is an outbreak of contagious disease that spreads quickly and effects many people – Natural disasters affect many areas of the world, causing death and destruction

9. Population movement – Migration has led to the movement of people around the world Push factors = factors that make people leave an area – Example: war, persecution, poverty – Refugees are people who flee violence in their homeland and seek safety Pull factors = factors that make people want to move to an area – Examples = better jobs, climate – North America and Europe are the destination for most migrants – Urbanization – the current trend is people moving in large numbers from rural areas to cities The world’s fastest growing cities are located in developing countries

10. Threat of Terrorism – Terrorism is the unlawful use or threat of violence to cause fear and to advance ideological goals – Irish Republican Army (IRA) has used terrorism against British targets in an attempt to end British control of Northern Ireland – Tamil Tigers in Sri Lanka have used suicide bombings and other terrorist activities in their fight for an independent state

11. – Hamas uses terrorist tactics against Israel and some Western nations, with their goal being to destroy Israel and create an independent Palestinian state – Hezbollah is located in Lebanon and is supported by Iran, their primary goal is the destruction of Israel – Al Qaeda - current goal is to establish a pan- Islamic Caliphate throughout the world by working with allied Islamic extremist groups to overthrow regimes it deems "non-Islamic" and expelling Westerners and non-Muslims from Muslim countries.

12. – Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) – goal is the formation of a caliphate, or an Islamic state led by religious authorities – Boko Haram is a militant Islamist movement based in Nigeria, its goal is to create an Islamic state The name Boko Haram means “western education is forbidden”

13. Genocides – Rwanda (1994) tensions broke out between the Tutsi and Hutu ethnic groups, leading to over one million slaughtered, mostly Tutsis killed by Hutu militias – Darfur region of Sudan – Arab militias attacked African villagers and looted their homes

14. Problems in the environment due to human activities – Overuse of resources – Deforestation has led to extinction of animals and plants and to desertification – Desertification is the spread of desert-like land conditions – Pollution has been a serious issue from the Industrial Revolution onward – Global warming is the rise in the surface temperature of the earth over time, which many scientists believe is caused by air pollution