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Introduction to Production and Operations Management
1 Introduction to Production and Operations Management
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Learning Objectives Define the term operations management
Identify the three major functional areas of organizations and describe how they interrelate Compare and contrast service and manufacturing operations Describe the operations function and the nature of the operations manager’s job
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Learning Objectives Differentiate between design and operation of production systems Describe the key aspects of operations management decision making Briefly describe the historical evolution of operations management Identify current trends that impact operations management
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Operations Management
Managing that part of the organization responsible for producing goods and services Management of systems or processes that create goods and/or provide services Operations Examples Goods Producing Farming, mining, construction manufacturing, power generation Storage/Transportation Warehousing, trucking, mail service, moving, taxis, buses, hotels, airlines Exchange Retailing, wholesaling, banking, renting, leasing, library, loans Entertainment Films, radio and television, concerts, recording Communication Newspapers, radio and television, newscasts, telephone, satellites
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The Three Basic Functions
The Organization The Three Basic Functions Organization Finance Secure Fin. Resources Budgeting Funding … Operations Producing Marketing Assess Customer needs Selling & Promoting … OM in the news Productivity Quality E-business Global Competition Customer Service Competitiveness?
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Value-Added Process The operations function involves the conversion of inputs into outputs Value-added = Value or price of outputs – Cost of inputs
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The operations function involves the conversion of inputs into outputs
Value-Added Process The operations function involves the conversion of inputs into outputs Inputs Land Labor Capital Transformation/ Conversion process Outputs Goods Services Control Feedback Value added
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Value-Added & Product Packages
Value-added is the difference between the cost of inputs and the value or price of outputs. Product packages are a combination of goods and services. Product packages can make a company more competitive.
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Goods-service Continuum
Tangible Act Goods Service Surgery, teaching Song writing, software development Computer repair, restaurant meal Smart phones: Product/Service? Automobile Repair, fast food Home remodeling, retail sales Automobile assembly, steel making Product packages = Good(s) + service(s) Make a company more competitive- more value to customers
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Food Processor Hospital Process Inputs Processing Outputs
Raw Vegetables Metal Sheets Water Energy Labor Building Equipment Cleaning Making cans Cutting Cooking Packing Labeling Canned vegetables Scraps! Hospital Process Inputs Processing Outputs Doctors, nurses Hospital Medical Supplies Equipment Laboratories Examination Surgery Monitoring Medication Therapy Healthy patients
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Production of Goods vs. Delivery of Services
Production of goods – tangible output, production oriented Delivery of services – an act Service job categories Government Wholesale/retail Financial services Healthcare Personal services Business services Education
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Goods vs Service: Key Differences
Characteristic Goods Service Customer contact Low High Uniformity of input Labor content Uniformity of output Output Tangible Intangible Measurement of productivity Easy Difficult Opportunity to correct problems Inventory Much Little Evaluation Easier Patentable Usually Not usual
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Challenges of Managing Services
Service jobs are often less structured than manufacturing jobs Customer contact is higher Worker skill levels are lower Services hire many low-skill, entry-level workers Employee turnover is higher Input variability is higher Service performance can be affected by worker’s personal factors
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Scope of Operations Management
Operations Management includes: Forecasting Capacity planning Scheduling Managing inventories Assuring quality Motivating employees Deciding where to locate facilities Supply chain management And more . . .
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Key Decisions of Operations Managers
What What resources/what amounts When Needed/scheduled/ordered Where Work to be done How Designed Who To do the work
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Decision Making System operation System Design – personnel inventory
scheduling project management quality assurance System Design – capacity location arrangement of departments product and service planning acquisition and placement of equipment
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Operations Management Decision Making
Models Quantitative approaches Analysis of trade-offs Systems approach Establishing priorities Ethics
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Models Tradeoffs A model is an abstraction of reality.
Typically a simplified version – Physical (Crash tests) Schematic (Blueprints) Mathematical, statistical Tradeoffs What are the pros and cons of models?
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Models Are Beneficial Easy to use, less expensive
Require users to organize Increase understanding of the problem Enable “what if” questions Consistent tool for evaluation and standardized format Power of mathematics
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Limitations of Models Quantitative information may be emphasized over qualitative Models may be incorrectly applied and results misinterpreted Nonqualified users may not comprehend the rules on how to use the model Use of models does not guarantee good decisions
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Quantitative Approaches
Linear programming Queuing Techniques Inventory models Project models Statistical models
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Analysis of Trade-Offs
Decision on the amount of inventory to stock Increased cost of holding inventory Vs. Level of customer service Customer Cost Inventory Level of customer service
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“The whole is greater than the sum of the parts.”
Systems Approach “The whole is greater than the sum of the parts.” Suboptimization
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Trends in Business Major trends The Internet, e-commerce, e-business
Management technology Globalization Management of supply chains Outsourcing Agility Ethical behavior
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Other Important Trends
Ethical behavior Operations strategy Working with fewer resources Revenue management Process analysis and improvement Increased regulation and product liability Lean production Combination of Mass Production (high volume, low unit cost) and Craft Production (variety and Flexibility)
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