1. CHANGES IN LABOR PATTERNS 1450-1750 The Effect of Linked Economies

2. Why the Shift? ■For the first time in history, labor patterns shifted in one place due to pressure from another place –Reorganization of world into places which produced raw materials and those which produced manufactured goods. –Western commercial success had negative effects in Eastern Europe, Africa and Americas –China, the Islamic World and India were not (well, hardly anyway) affected by these trends…yet.

3. New Encounters ■Americas –Indian state run labor gangs: slaves or miners –After debates over the possession of souls by Indians, slavery was not allowed for locals, but the encomienda system emerged. –System faltered due to mortality (disease) –Silver productions– mita system –Decline of Indigenous population

4. Labor Shortage emerged ■Need for labor for plantation crops –Africa: Source of slaves as Portugal and others established trading ports (Cape Verde Is.) –Expansion of plantation complex as European appetite for sugar and silver increased - which in turn led to increase in slave trade. –Interior Africa meanwhile was relatively undisrupted by the slave trade  Arab traders continued to conduct a luxury good trade, most people were peasants, introduction of new foods from Americas

5. Cape Verde Islands Major trading port for Portugal during this time.

6. Labor Conditions Worsen ■Eastern Europe –Peasants forced into serfdom ■in Poland and Russia wheat exports increased and more of the burden fell on serfs. ■Serfs had to do large amounts of service for landlords. ■Their response was often working slowly and maintaining large numbers of traditional festivals. ■Serfdom not abolished in Russia until 1861… late for Europe, but comparable to ending of slavery in the US (Emancipation Proclamation January 1, 1863, Slave Trade ended in 1808).

7. Americas and Africa ■Planters and miners in the Americas relied on forced labor to produce raw materials ■Africa became a supplier of slaves for Caribbean plantations and Americas –Slave conditions: Middle Passage, lifetime of servitude, hopelessness. But also “Slave Culture.” ■Boom economies led to greater exploitation  it was easier to buy a new slave than to treat him/her well.

8. FORCED LABOR SYSTEMS

9. SERFDOM Serfdom is a legal and economic system. A serf is a worker who has to stay in one area. Serfs were the lowest social class of the feudal society. Serfs were different from slaves. Serfs could have property.

10. Russian Serfdom A Peasant Leaving His Landlord on Yuriev Day, painting by Sergei V. Ivanov. Note: Yuriev Day is the Russian name for either of the two feasts of Saint George celebrated by the Russian Orthodox Church.

11. Explorers Conquistadores Missionaries Permanent Settlers Official European Colony! Cycle of Conquest and Colonialism ■Colonialism: the policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically.

12. Colonial Economy vs. Plantation Economy ■Characteristics –They export natural resources, and then import more expensive produced goods –It is largely for the benefit of an outside power (such as an imperial center), rather than the people of that economy –The economy often is under the direct or indirect control (whether through hard power, such as military force... or soft power, through persuasion and/or dependence) of an outside power ■Characteristics –an economy based on agricultural mass production –In the Early Modern Era, largely depending on slave labor of indigenous locals or imported peoples. –Prominent plantation crops included cotton, rubber, sugarcane, tobacco, rice, and species in the genus Indigofera, used to produce indigo dye. –Plantation economies rely on the export of cash crops as a source of income

13. ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM A grant of authority over a population of American Indians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supple of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the American Indians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the American Indians.

14. Depiction of Encomienda Labor

15. MITA SYSTEM A mandatory public service in the society of the Inca Empire. Mit'a was effectively a form of tribute to the Inca government in the form of labor. In the Incan Empire, public service was required in community-driven projects such as the building of their extensive road network. Military service was also mandatory. All citizens who could perform labor were required to do so for a set number of days out of a year. Due to the Inca Empire's wealth, a family would often only require sixty-five days to farm; the rest of the year was devoted entirely to the mit'a.

16. Incan Empire Holdings

17. CHATTEL SLAVERY Chattel slavery, also called traditional slavery, is so named because people are treated as the chattel (personal property) of the owner and are bought and sold as if they were commodities.

18. Notice of a Slave Auction

19. Triangular Trade

20. HACIENDA SYSTEM The Spanish word for a private estate. Some haciendas were plantations, mines or factories. Many haciendas combined these productive activities. Often granted to an individual by the monarch. They generally exploited local indigenous labor. Primarily produced goods for local consumption.

21. Gardens of the Hacienda San Gabriel in Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico. Built at the end of the 17th century, this was the grand hacienda of Captain Gabriel de Barrera, whose family was descended from the first Conde de Rul of the famous La Valenciana mine.