1. USDA Forest Service State and Private Forestry Kevin Dodds & Michael Bohne Forest Service Durham Field Office Update on Asian Longhorned Beetle & Sirex Woodwasp

2. USDA Forest Service State and Private Forestry Sirex noctilio

3. USDA Forest Service State and Private Forestry

5. Sirex male leks Female drills into tree Female arrive at lek - mate Mucus blocks translocation from needles Fungus becomes established, “girdles” tree Low osmotic pressure: mucus, fungus, egg High osmotic pressure: mucus, fungus

6. USDA Forest Service State and Private Forestry Behavior in Southern Hemisphere Forests  Attacks suppressed trees  Populations build and move into larger size classes  As stand conditions improve, Sirex populations decline

7. USDA Forest Service State and Private Forestry Stand Level Impacts of Sirex noctilio in the Northeastern U.S. and Southern Ontario Kevin J. Dodds, Peter de Groot, and David A. Orwig Kevin J. Dodds, Peter de Groot, and David A. Orwig

8. USDA Forest Service State and Private Forestry Behavior in Northeastern Forests  Ten sites evaluated in New York and southern Ontario  Scots and red pine  Vegetation plots  Tree cores from infested and uninfested trees  Ten sites evaluated in New York and southern Ontario  Scots and red pine  Vegetation plots  Tree cores from infested and uninfested trees

9. USDA Forest Service State and Private Forestry Study Locations

10. USDA Forest Service State and Private Forestry Tree Measurements - Diameter

11. USDA Forest Service State and Private Forestry Tree Measurements - Crown

12. USDA Forest Service State and Private Forestry Tree Measurements - Growth

13. USDA Forest Service State and Private Forestry Tree Measurements - Growth

14. USDA Forest Service State and Private Forestry Stand Measurements - % Mortality

15. USDA Forest Service State and Private Forestry Stand Measurements – BA Loss

16. USDA Forest Service State and Private Forestry Conclusions  Currently, limited damage  Small diameter, reduced crown, slower growing trees attacked  More activity in Scots than red pine  Stand structure is important  Silviculture should be effective at reducing populations…  Currently, limited damage  Small diameter, reduced crown, slower growing trees attacked  More activity in Scots than red pine  Stand structure is important  Silviculture should be effective at reducing populations…

17. USDA Forest Service State and Private Forestry

18. Stand Thinning - Can We Reduce Stand Susceptibility in North America?

19. USDA Forest Service State and Private Forestry Stand Thinning Study  Red pine, Scots pine  Timber stand improvements  Sanitation  Treatments Control Heavy = 60 sq ft. BA Light = 80 sq ft. BA  Red pine, Scots pine  Timber stand improvements  Sanitation  Treatments Control Heavy = 60 sq ft. BA Light = 80 sq ft. BA

20. USDA Forest Service State and Private Forestry Removed

21. USDA Forest Service State and Private Forestry Results – 3 yr Post-Harvest

22. USDA Forest Service State and Private Forestry Conclusions Stand thinning activities targeting suppressed trees in overstocked stands reduced S. noctilio activity in red pine Losses of complete treatment blocks and tree removals in Scots pine limit the results, but early indications suggest thinning these stands reduced S. noctilio populations Many of the trees attacked in the thinned treatments should have been removed during the thinnings, but were overlooked during cutting. While only a short term dataset at this time (3 yrs post harvest), early findings suggest silvicultural treatments of pine stands in poor condition will reduce attacks by S. noctilio. Stand thinning activities targeting suppressed trees in overstocked stands reduced S. noctilio activity in red pine Losses of complete treatment blocks and tree removals in Scots pine limit the results, but early indications suggest thinning these stands reduced S. noctilio populations Many of the trees attacked in the thinned treatments should have been removed during the thinnings, but were overlooked during cutting. While only a short term dataset at this time (3 yrs post harvest), early findings suggest silvicultural treatments of pine stands in poor condition will reduce attacks by S. noctilio.

23. USDA Forest Service State and Private Forestry RFP  Nematode biology – native & biocontrol agent  Parasitoid biology in North America  Native species in northeast, southeast  Interactions with native insects  Fungal interactions  Semiochemicals/trap  Nematode biology – native & biocontrol agent  Parasitoid biology in North America  Native species in northeast, southeast  Interactions with native insects  Fungal interactions  Semiochemicals/trap

24. USDA Forest Service State and Private Forestry

25. Asian Longhorned Beetle

26. USDA Forest Service State and Private Forestry

28. Bovenzi Land Trust Host tree removal impacted 91 acres

29. USDA Forest Service State and Private Forestry

30. Total Trees Removed Due to ALB State Infested Trees High-Risk Trees Total Trees Removed New York6,27512,12418,343 Illinois1,5512201,771 New Jersey73021,25121,981 TOTAL8,55633,59542,095 Massachusetts18,72210,250>28,972 As of March, 2010

31. USDA Forest Service State and Private Forestry Zip-code based firewood Survey

32. USDA Forest Service State and Private Forestry Second homeowner survey

33. USDA Forest Service State and Private Forestry

36. What’s ALB Doing in Natural Forests?

37. USDA Forest Service State and Private Forestry Study Objectives  Describe stand level ALB impacts in forests  Investigate ALB success in maple species  Describe stand level ALB impacts in forests  Investigate ALB success in maple species

38. USDA Forest Service State and Private Forestry Population Levels?  Difficult to know what type of populations we are dealing with right now  High?  Low?  Not knowing population levels makes damage assessment difficult  Large populations, low damage = good  Small populations, heavy damage = Bad  Difficult to know what type of populations we are dealing with right now  High?  Low?  Not knowing population levels makes damage assessment difficult  Large populations, low damage = good  Small populations, heavy damage = Bad

39. USDA Forest Service State and Private Forestry

40. Delaval

41. USDA Forest Service State and Private Forestry

42. Bovenzi

43. USDA Forest Service State and Private Forestry

44. Boylston

45. USDA Forest Service State and Private Forestry ALB Oviposition Sites DelavalBoylston

46. USDA Forest Service State and Private Forestry ALB Exit Holes DelavalBoylston

47. USDA Forest Service State and Private Forestry Cumulative Reproductive Success DelavalBoylston

48. USDA Forest Service State and Private Forestry Attack class distribution

49. USDA Forest Service State and Private Forestry Oviposition Sites by Height DelavalBoylston

50. USDA Forest Service State and Private Forestry Increment Core Analysis Bovenzi Conservation Area

51. USDA Forest Service State and Private Forestry Increment Core Analysis Delaval Tract

52. USDA Forest Service State and Private Forestry Increment Core Analysis Delaval Tract

53. USDA Forest Service State and Private Forestry What Have We Learned?  ALB is not outright killing forest trees  ALB found in forest trees of all sizes  ALB attacked and survived at higher rates in red maple  ALB moves throughout forest stands  ALB is not outright killing forest trees  ALB found in forest trees of all sizes  ALB attacked and survived at higher rates in red maple  ALB moves throughout forest stands

54. USDA Forest Service State and Private Forestry 1. Old Damage is Different

55. USDA Forest Service State and Private Forestry

56. 2. Differences in Maples

57. USDA Forest Service State and Private Forestry 3. Could go Undetected for a Long Time

58. USDA Forest Service State and Private Forestry 4. Much Evidence is Hard to See

59. USDA Forest Service State and Private Forestry 5. Attacks Throughout a Stand

60. USDA Forest Service State and Private Forestry Implications for Survey