1. Short Story Terms: A few of the tricky ones. -Irony, -Point of View, -Jargon, Slang, and Colloquial language -Tone vs. Mood -Conflict -Character -Direct and Indirect presentation -Irony, -Point of View, -Jargon, Slang, and Colloquial language -Tone vs. Mood -Conflict -Character -Direct and Indirect presentation

2. Irony “Everybody's favorite concept!”

3. Which of these are examples of Irony?  The name of Britain’s biggest dog was “Tiny.”  Yes.  Rain on your wedding day  No  A character laughs at a person who slipped stepping on a banana peel and the next thing you know, that character slips too.  Yes  “Oh great! Now you have broken my new camera.”  Yes  The name of Britain’s biggest dog was “Tiny.”  Yes.  Rain on your wedding day  No  A character laughs at a person who slipped stepping on a banana peel and the next thing you know, that character slips too.  Yes  “Oh great! Now you have broken my new camera.”  Yes

4. Irony is a result of a difference between what is expected and what really happens  There are three types of Irony:  1. Verbal—saying the opposite of what is intended (similar to sarcasm, but not necessarily intended to insult) e.g. “Oh great! Now you have broken my new camera.” -Verbal Irony is also when there is a hidden meaning in a character’s words (e.g. “I’d love to have you for dinner,” said Dr. Hannibal Lector to the students.)  There are three types of Irony:  1. Verbal—saying the opposite of what is intended (similar to sarcasm, but not necessarily intended to insult) e.g. “Oh great! Now you have broken my new camera.” -Verbal Irony is also when there is a hidden meaning in a character’s words (e.g. “I’d love to have you for dinner,” said Dr. Hannibal Lector to the students.)

5. 2. Situational Irony Situational Irony occurs when the outcome in a situation is opposite to what was expected. (In this case both the characters in the story, and the audience is surprised by what happens.) e.g. An ambulance in a story gets into a car crash and everyone is injured.

6. 3. Dramatic Irony Dramatic irony occurs when the reader understands more than the characters. The reader knows what is coming, but the characters are in a state of ignorance. e.g. In Romeo and Juliet the audience knows that the couple is going to die from the very beginning, but the characters are unaware.

7. Point Of View: Are the following examples 1 st, 2 nd, or 3 rd person? 1 st Person

8. 1 st, 2 nd, or 3 rd person point of view?  “It was times like these when I thought my father, who hated guns and had never been to any wars, was the bravest man who ever lived.” - To Kill a Mockingbird  1 st Person  “Don't stop believin', Hold on to the feelin', Streetlights people” –Journey  2 nd Person  Coca-Cola - It's the real thing.  3 rd Person  “It was a bright cold day in April, and the clocks were striking thirteen.” - George Orwell, 1984  3rd Person  “It was times like these when I thought my father, who hated guns and had never been to any wars, was the bravest man who ever lived.” - To Kill a Mockingbird  1 st Person  “Don't stop believin', Hold on to the feelin', Streetlights people” –Journey  2 nd Person  Coca-Cola - It's the real thing.  3 rd Person  “It was a bright cold day in April, and the clocks were striking thirteen.” - George Orwell, 1984  3rd Person  Skittles - Taste the rainbow  2 nd Person  “They say we're young and we don't know, We won't find out until we grow” I Got You, Babe - Sonny and Cher  1 st Person  “You must be the change you wish to see in the world.” - Mahatma Gandhi  2 nd Person  “It is not a lack of love, but a lack of friendship that makes unhappy marriages.” - Friedrich Nietzsche  3 rd Person

9. Definitions: 1 st Person: The narrator tells the story from a single character’s point of view. (Uses the word “I”) 2 nd Person: The narrator addresses the audience when telling the story. (Uses the word “you”) 3 rd Person: The narrator is outside the story. (uses words like “he” “she” and “them”) -There are 3 subcategories of third person: 1. Omniscient (A fancy word for all-knowing): The narrator can (and does) enter the minds of all the major characters in a text. (He can read their thoughts) 2. Limited Omniscient: The narrator can only read one character’s thoughts. 3. Objective Point of View: when the narrator only reveals what characters say or do. (He cannot read any of the character’s minds and acts like a video camera.

10. Jargon Slang and Colloquial Language Colloquial Language: Language that is informal (you would not use it in an academic essay or a resume) Slang: A part of colloquial language that is less universally accepted, and usually has a specific group of people who use it. (e.g. teenagers) Jargon: Similar to slang, but having more to do with a specific hobby or occupation than with a specific people group. Usually having to do with a specific job or interest. (e.g. Technology, sports, engineering). It becomes problematic when an individual trained in a certain area, uses jargon without explaining it to a laymen.

11. Tone vs. Mood Tone: The author’s attitude towards his/her subject; the words an author choses to use to stimulate a response in their readers. Mood: The emotional response of the reader to the tone the author has set.

12. Conflict: The opposition between forces. External Conflict: Character versus Character Character versus society Character versus nature Character versus the supernatural Internal Conflict: Character versus themselves Important: When trying to find the theme of a short story, start by figuring out what the conflict is. The two are always connected.

13. Character Types Dynamic: Characters that change or progress in the story. Static: Characters that stay the same throughout the story. Round: Characters that are well-developed by the author. Flat: Characters that the author choses not to reveal very much about. Stereotyped: Overly simplified characters that a culture already knows (e.g. the mad scientist, the gangster, the action hero) Foil: A character that is used to contrast (Characteristics or behaviour) with another character (usually the protagonist).

14. Direct and Indirect Presentation Direct: The author tells you what you need to know. (e.g. Darth Vader was an evil dude) Indirect: The author shows you what you should take note of, and you use what you are shown to figure out what you need to know. (e.g. Dressed in all black, Darth Vader sliced his former mentor Obi-Wan Kenobi in two without a second thought) You may have heard this as show versus tell. In direct presentation the author tells the audience what to think, and in indirect presentation the author shows the audience evidence and they decide what to think.