1. Chapter 19 Early Latin America

2. Spanish and Portuguese Ferdinand and Isabella unite Christian Spain Ferdinand and Isabella unite Christian Spain Expel/convert Jews and Muslims Expel/convert Jews and Muslims Iberian peninsula Iberian peninsula Urban Urban Commoners become nobles in new world Commoners become nobles in new world Patriarchal family system Patriarchal family system Slavery Slavery Political centralization w/ bureaucracy Political centralization w/ bureaucracy Religion (Catholicism) very important Religion (Catholicism) very important

3. 3 periods of colonization Conquest (1492 – 1570) Conquest (1492 – 1570) Destruction and creation Destruction and creation Two-pronged: Mexico and South America Two-pronged: Mexico and South America Consolidation/maturity (1570 – 1700) Consolidation/maturity (1570 – 1700) Reform/reorganization (18 th century) Reform/reorganization (18 th century)

4. Caribbean Model for Spanish colonies elsewhere Model for Spanish colonies elsewhere Planned cities (European style adapted to new conditions Planned cities (European style adapted to new conditions Government-governorship Government-governorship The role of the church The role of the church Indians provide original surplus labor Indians provide original surplus labor Encomienda system Encomienda system Mistreatment/abuse/annihilation of Indians Mistreatment/abuse/annihilation of Indians Caribbean declines until sugar and slaves happen in 1700s Caribbean declines until sugar and slaves happen in 1700s

5. Paths of conquest Mexico: Hernan Cortes vs. Aztecs Mexico: Hernan Cortes vs. Aztecs South America: Francisco Pizarro vs. Incas South America: Francisco Pizarro vs. Incas The 3 “G’s” The 3 “G’s” Conquerors represented all types of men Conquerors represented all types of men Horses, better weapons, etc –advantage Horses, better weapons, etc –advantage Disease also helps Disease also helps Conquest=violence, domination, theft Conquest=violence, domination, theft Moral question??? (de las Casas) Moral question??? (de las Casas)

6. Destruction/transformation of Indian societies Population decline: Population decline: Mexico: 25 million > 2 million Mexico: 25 million > 2 million Peru: 10 million > 1.5 million Peru: 10 million > 1.5 million Exploited as labor source: encomienda, mita, etc Exploited as labor source: encomienda, mita, etc Eventually wage labor (LOW wages) Eventually wage labor (LOW wages)

7. Colonial economies/governments Agriculture Agriculture Silver (eventual problem for Spain) Silver (eventual problem for Spain) Industry Industry Treaty of Tordesillas Treaty of Tordesillas Viceroyalties and audencias Viceroyalties and audencias Role of church (education) Role of church (education)

8. Brazil Jesuit missionaries Jesuit missionaries Sugar plantations (leading producer) Sugar plantations (leading producer) Social hierarchy based on color Social hierarchy based on color Gold rush in 1695 Gold rush in 1695

9. Multiracial societies Castas: Castas: Peninsulares Peninsulares creoles creoles Mestizos Mestizos Women subordinate to men although kept dowries and had inheritance rights Women subordinate to men although kept dowries and had inheritance rights

10. 18 th century reforms Spain weakens, loses power over colonies Spain weakens, loses power over colonies Bourbon reforms Bourbon reforms Economic, administrative, and military Economic, administrative, and military Expel Jesuits from Spanish/Portuguese empire Expel Jesuits from Spanish/Portuguese empire More open trade policy More open trade policy Intendancy system (governors) Intendancy system (governors) Government – more active role in economy Government – more active role in economy Long-term effects? Long-term effects?

11. Brazilian reforms Pombal – Portuguese prime minister Pombal – Portuguese prime minister Suppressed opposition Suppressed opposition Disliked Jesuits Disliked Jesuits Introduced new crops Introduced new crops Abolish slavery in Portugal (NOT Brazil!) Abolish slavery in Portugal (NOT Brazil!) Not very effective Not very effective

12. Revolts? Massive growth in Spanish America Massive growth in Spanish America Racial and social tensions Racial and social tensions Social upheaval Social upheaval 1800s – separation and independence become REAL possibilities 1800s – separation and independence become REAL possibilities