1. BACTERIA

2. Bacteria on the tip of a pin!

4. Composed of One, circular chromosome Plasma membrane Ribosomes Cell wall with peptidoglycan

6. Composed of Some have –Capsule Slimy outer layer –Flagella –Pili Straw-like extensions Allow bacteria to stick to host Some allow conjugation –Exchange of plasmids

7. Flagella

8. Conjugation

9. Composed of Some have –Plasmids Only in some bacteria Tiny circles of DNA Only a few genes

10. PROKARYOTIC No membrane-bound organelles Smaller than eukaryotes All unicellular

12. Reproduction Binary Fission –Chromosome is replicated –Cell elongates and then splits in two –NO MITOSIS NECESSARY

13. METABOLISM Some heterotrophic Some autotrophic –Photosynthesizers –Chemosynthesizers Can get energy from non- organic compounds: ex H 2 S, NH 3

14. METABOLISM Some Aerobic –Require O 2 Some Anaerobic –Obligate anaerobes Killed by O 2 –Facultative anaerobes Can exist with or without O 2

15. METABOLISM Some secrete TOXINS –Chemicals that are poisonous to eukaryotic cells –Ex: Tetanus, botulism

16. COLONIES Large clumps of thousands of bacteria all grown from one ancestor Are genetically identical Each species has colonies with particular characteristics such as color, shape, texture

17. COLONIES

19. BACTERIAL SHAPES Coccus – Round Bacillus – Rod-shaped Spirillum – Spiral-shaped Vibrio – comma-shaped

22. Vibrio

23. GROUPINGS Micro – individual Diplo – pairs Strepto – chains Staphylo - clusters

24. Diplococcus

25. Staphylococcus

26. Streptococcus

27. Streptomyces

28. ENDOSPORES Hard-shelled case built around DNA during harsh conditions

29. ENDOSPORES

30. Gram Staining Gram Positive – Blue –No capsule Gram Negative –Red –Capsule

31. Gram Staining

32. Helps doctor decide which antibiotic to use

34. Uses of Bacteria Ecosystems –Decomposers –Nitrogen fixation –Oil eaters Foods –Chocolate, soy sauce, yogurt, vinegar

35. Uses of Bacteria Antibiotics and other chemicals Genetic Engineering –Plasmids used to introduce genes –Insulin, growth hormone

36. Antibiotics Interfere with bacterial metabolism Are not effective against viruses Used to treat bacterial diseases Penicillin, erythromycin, tetracycline, sulfa drugs, cephalosporins, etc.

37. Vaccinations Small amount of inactivated virus or bacteria injected or ingested Immune system mounts long- lasting response Prevents rather than treats disease Measles, mumps, rubella, polio, chicken pox, meningitis, HPV, hepatitis, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus