1. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Chapter Objectives Section 2: A Changing Culture Explain the goals of the different groups active in the Second Great Awakening.  Identify the key ideas of romanticism and two important romantic thinkers or writers.

2. Immigration in the 1800s 1820s- 129,000 1820s- 129,000 1830s- 540,000 1830s- 540,000 1840s- 2.8 million 1840s- 2.8 million Why the increase? Why the increase? Inexpensive and faster sea travel. Why? Inexpensive and faster sea travel. Why? Famines and revolutions in Europe Famines and revolutions in Europe US reputation for offering economic opportunity and political freedom US reputation for offering economic opportunity and political freedom

3. Immigration (cont’d) Land in Boston, NYC, or Philadelphia. Land in Boston, NYC, or Philadelphia. Many settle in the North. Why? Many settle in the North. Why? Some settle in the West. Why? (What about the S) Some settle in the West. Why? (What about the S) Majority are Irish and Germans Majority are Irish and Germans Most are Catholics Most are Catholics Most celebrate traditions of their homeland (face discrimination) why? Most celebrate traditions of their homeland (face discrimination) why?

4. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

6. The Irish ½ of immigrants (2 million) ½ of immigrants (2 million) Escape the Irish potato famine Escape the Irish potato famine 1845-49 1845-49 Disease kills the potato crop Disease kills the potato crop British don’t allow them to produce something else. Why? British don’t allow them to produce something else. Why? 1.1 million die 1.1 million die Hundreds of thousands come to the US Hundreds of thousands come to the US Most become naturalized citizens Most become naturalized citizens

7. Irish (cont’d) Very hard working Very hard working Have limited interest in farming. Why? Have limited interest in farming. Why? Few skills Few skills Not much wealth Not much wealth Who do they compete with? Who do they compete with? Free African Americans and unskilled workers Free African Americans and unskilled workers

8. The Germans About 1 million About 1 million Come searching for political freedom Come searching for political freedom Have some wealth Have some wealth Have skills as farmers and artisans Have skills as farmers and artisans Move W for cheap and fertile land Move W for cheap and fertile land

9. Germans (cont’d) Many end up in Old NW Many end up in Old NW Buy farmlands in WI and ME or work in industries Buy farmlands in WI and ME or work in industries What class do they compete with? What class do they compete with?

10. Effects of immigration Creates a feeling of nativism in America Creates a feeling of nativism in America Believe that native born Americans are THE Native Americans Believe that native born Americans are THE Native Americans Not Indians Not Indians Hostile towards foreigners. Why? Hostile towards foreigners. Why? Fear competition for jobs Fear competition for jobs Threat to Anglo American majority Threat to Anglo American majority

11. Effects of Immigration (cont’d) Form secretive societies opposed to immigrants Form secretive societies opposed to immigrants “Supreme Order of the Star Spangled Banner” “Supreme Order of the Star Spangled Banner” Many nativists form the American Party Many nativists form the American Party Usual response is “I know nothing” Usual response is “I know nothing” Becomes known as the “Know-Nothing Party” Becomes known as the “Know-Nothing Party” Has limited success. Why? Has limited success. Why?

14. How did many Americans react to the influx of immigrants to the United States in the mid-1800s? Many were hostile toward the immigrants. Some formed nativist organizations, such as the Know-Nothing Party. The New Wave of Immigrants (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. (pages 273–275)

15. Looking Backward by J. Keppler

16. The Second Great Awakening Response to enlightenment and rationalism Response to enlightenment and rationalism Believes ALL people can be born again in Christ Believes ALL people can be born again in Christ Revivals across the country Revivals across the country NY called “burned over district” NY called “burned over district” From all the hell and brimstone sermons From all the hell and brimstone sermons

17. Effects of the 2 nd Great Awakening Divides society between old and new religious thoughts Divides society between old and new religious thoughts Baptists and Methodists become largest churches Baptists and Methodists become largest churches New denominations develop New denominations develop Millennialism Millennialism Oct. 21, 1844 (Jesus 2 nd coming) Oct. 21, 1844 (Jesus 2 nd coming) Mormons (Joseph Smith & Brigham Young) Mormons (Joseph Smith & Brigham Young)

18. Effects (cont’d) N- leads to a desire for social reform N- leads to a desire for social reform Revivalists lead well-organized reform movements Revivalists lead well-organized reform movements

19. What religious denominations emerged during the time of the Second Great Awakening? Unitarians, Universalists, and the Mormons emerged during the time of the Second Great Awakening. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. A Religious Revival (cont.) (pages 275–276)

20. Revivalists Charles Grandison Finney Charles Grandison Finney Emphasizes individuals power to reform themselves Emphasizes individuals power to reform themselves Lyman Beecher Lyman Beecher “Good people make a good country” “Good people make a good country” Has 13 children Has 13 children Harriet Beecher Stowe (abolitionists) Harriet Beecher Stowe (abolitionists) Catharine Beecher (women’s education) Catharine Beecher (women’s education)

21. Transcendentalists ? Church authority and wealthy merchant class practices (taking advantage of people) ? Church authority and wealthy merchant class practices (taking advantage of people) Advocate feeling over reason Advocate feeling over reason Transcend means to “rise above” Transcend means to “rise above” Challenges materialism Challenges materialism Spiritual discovery could bring more truths than reason Spiritual discovery could bring more truths than reason Artist expression more important than pursuit of wealth Artist expression more important than pursuit of wealth Organize institutions unimportant Organize institutions unimportant Help support a variety of reforms Help support a variety of reforms

22. 2 leading Transcendentalist Ralph Waldo Emerson Ralph Waldo Emerson Popular speaker and essayist Popular speaker and essayist Argues self-reliance and independent thinking Argues self-reliance and independent thinking Create a distinct American culture Create a distinct American culture Leading critic of slavery and S Leading critic of slavery and S Henry David Thoreau Henry David Thoreau 2yr experiment on living simple 2yr experiment on living simple Walden (life in the woods) Walden (life in the woods) Protest Mexican War Protest Mexican War Doesn’t pay taxes Doesn’t pay taxes Essay Civil Disobedience Essay Civil Disobedience Influences of Ghandi and MLK JR Influences of Ghandi and MLK JR

23. Utopian communities Formed by people that followed revivalists and transcendentalists Formed by people that followed revivalists and transcendentalists Try to create a better life free from corruption Try to create a better life free from corruption Ideal societies Ideal societies Share everything equally Share everything equally Utopia means “nowhere” Utopia means “nowhere” Most fail. Why? debt Most fail. Why? debt

24. Utopias (cont’d) Brook Farm- intellect and manual labor Brook Farm- intellect and manual labor Emerson, Margaret Fuller Nathanial Hawthorne Emerson, Margaret Fuller Nathanial Hawthorne Shakers- men and women separated (dies out DUH!!!!) Shakers- men and women separated (dies out DUH!!!!) Amana colony Amana colony Oneida Community Oneida Community New Harmony New Harmony

25. Distinct American Literature Write about American Themes Write about American Themes James Fenimore Cooper “Last of the Mohicans” Leatherstocking Tales James Fenimore Cooper “Last of the Mohicans” Leatherstocking Tales Nathanial Hawthorne “The Scarlet Letter” Nathanial Hawthorne “The Scarlet Letter” Questions intolerance and conformity Questions intolerance and conformity Herman Melville “Moby Dick” Herman Melville “Moby Dick”

26. Why did some people in the mid-1800s form utopian communities? They believed that society corrupted human nature and, in order to escape the corruption, they had to separate themselves from society in their own communities. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Utopian Communities (cont.) (page 277)

27. Checking for Understanding __ 1.a literary, artistic, and philosophical movement in the 1700s emphasizing the imagination and the emotions, advocating feeling over reason, inner spirituality over external ruse, the individual above society, and nature over environments created by humans __ 2.community based on a vision of a perfect society sought by reformers A.nativism B.romanticism C.transcendentalism D.utopia Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. D B

28. Checking for Understanding __ 3.hostility toward immigrants __ 4.a philosophy stressing the relationship between human beings and nature, spiritual things over material things, and the importance of the individual conscience A.nativism B.romanticism C.transcendentalism D.utopia Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. C A

29. Reviewing Themes Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Groups and Institutions What religious denominations increased their influence in the United States during the Second Great Awakening? Methodists, Baptists, and Presbyterians increased their influence.