1. Newborn Reflexes
1) A reflex is a(n) (learned / inborn) response to a particular form of stimulation.
2) Match each reflex with the appropriate response or function descriptor.
_____ Spontaneous grasp of adult’s finger A. palmar grasp
_____ Helps infant find the nipple B. stepping
_____ Prepares infant for voluntary walking C. rooting
_____ Permits feeding D. sucking
_____ In our evolutionary past, may have E. moro
helped infant cling to mother
3) When do most newborn reflexes disappear?

2. Newborn States of Arousal
Match each state of arousal with its characteristics.
_____ Regular sleep
_____ Irregular sleep
_____ Drowsiness
_____ Quiet alertness
_____ Waking activity and crying
Inactive body, open and attentive eyes, even breathing
Bursts of uncoordinated body activity, irregular breathing
Eyes open and close, glazed when open; even breathing
Minimal body activity, no eye movements, even breathing
Gentle limb and rapid eye movements, irregular breathing

3. Newborn Senses
True or False: Infants are born with a poorly developed sense of touch, and consequently, they are not sensitive to pain.
True or False: Infants not only have taste preferences, but they are also capable of communicating these preferences to adults through facial expressions.
True or False: Newborn infants are attracted to the scent of a lactating woman, but they are unable to discriminate the smell of their own mother’s breast from that of an unfamiliar lactating woman.
True or False: Infants prefer pure tones to complex sounds.
Vision is the (most/least) mature of the newborn baby’s

4. Chapter 4: Review
T/F Growth is slow and steady throughout infancy and toddlerhood.
T/F Lateralization refers to the fact that the two sides (hemispheres) of the brain operate separately, with one side responsible for creativity and the other for analytical thought.
Refer to the diagram on the right. What are neurons? What are synapses? What are glial cells?
What do you think? In The Human Baby – To Talk, we learned that gazing and mutual attention are necessary for babies to learn language. Does modern technology compromise the development of babies?

5. Chapter 4 Review: Motor Development
Also, drawing, feeding, dressing
True or False: Although the sequence of motor development is fairly uniform, large individual differences exist in the rate of development.

6. Chapter 4 Review: States of Arousal and Perceptual Development
Describe major changes in the organization of sleep and wakefulness during the first 2 years of life.
T/F Perceptual Development is a process of refinement throughout the first years.
From the start, infants expect sight, sound, and touch to go together, a capacity called _________ perception.
a. intermodal
b. sensory c. systematic
d. integrative

7. Chapter 5 Review: Piaget
_________ are underlying psychological structures that organize experiences.
(Equilibrium/disequilibrium) is a state of cognitive comfort and (assimilation/accommodation) is the primary way new experiences are adapted into existing schemes.
(Equilibrium/disequilibrium) is a state of cognitive discomfort and (assimilation/accommodation) is the primary way new experiences are adapted into existing schemes.

8. Chapter 5 Review: Piaget
Identify each sensorimotor substage
______  Infants’ primary means of adapting to the environment is through reflexes.
______  Infants engage in goal-directed behavior and begin to attain object permanence
______  Toddlers explore properties of objects by acting on them in novel ways and begin to imitate unfamiliar behaviors.
______  Infants display simple motor habits centered on their own body with limited anticipation of events.
______  Infants’ actions are aimed at repeating interesting effects in the environment and imitation of familiar behaviors.
______  Toddlers gain the ability to create mental representations and exhibit deferred imitation and make-believe play.

9. Chapter 5: Information Processing
Match each part of the mental system with its description, according to the information-processing approach.
_______ Sensory register _______ Working, or short- term, memory
_______ Long-term memory
A. Represents sights and sounds directly; stores information briefly and monitors strategies
B. Permanent knowledge base C. Where we actively apply mental strategies to a limited amount of information
________________, the simplest form of memory, involves indicating whether a new experience is identical or similar to a previous one. ________________, on the other hand, is much more challenging because it involves remembering something not present.

10. Chapter 5: Vygotsky
True or False: According to Vygotsky, providing a stimulating physical environment is sufficient to promote early cognitive development.
At 18 months, Erik’s mother shows him how to put together Lego bricks. As his competence increases, his mother gradually withdraws her support. This is an example of what concept?

11. Chapter 5: Early Mental Development and Language Development
Sheila performed better than 50% of her age mates on an IQ test. What was her score?
Which characteristics of early typical language development are demonstrated in the following examples?
Vanessa says “doll” only to refer to a favorite baby doll.
Anson says “more milk” to indicate that he is thirsty.
Taye calls all four-legged animals “doggie.”

12. Answers Slide 1: Newborn Reflexes Slide 2: Newborn States of Arousal
1) inborn
2) a, c, b, d, e
3) 6 months, until activity becomes more coordinated and deliberate
Slide 2: Newborn States of Arousal
d, e, c, a, b
Slide 3: Newborn Senses
False, true, false, false, least

13. Answers Slide 4: Chapter 4 Review Fals, false
neurons are specialized nerve cells in the brain; the “head” of one comes in close contact with the “tail” of another leaving synapses, or small gaps between them; glial cells are the support cells of the brain, with an important purpose is myelination, or coating the neuron axons with a fatty sheath to provide insulation
No right answer to the “what do you think” question

14. Answers Slide 5: Motor Development
Gross motor skills are illustrated on the top left; fine motor skills on the top right
True
Slide 6: States of Arousals and Perceptual Development
Overall sleep decline, from hours as a newborn to about 12 hours; also reorganize with longer sleep and wake periods; 1 year typical is morning and afternoon nap with longer night sleep, 2 year often only afternoon plus night sleep a

15. Answers Slide 7: Piaget Slide 8: Piaget Schemes
Equilibrium; assimilation
Disequilibrium; accomodation
Slide 8: Piaget
1, 4, 5, 2, 3, 6

16. Answers Slide 9: Information Processing Slide 10: Vygotsky
A, C, B
recognition, recall
Slide 10: Vygotsky
False
Zone of proximal development
Slide 11: Early Mental Development and Language Development
100
Underextension, telegraphic speech, overextension