1. ETHNICITY

2. Ethnicity - Introduction Ethnicity: group of people w/ a common identity based on a distinct but shared culture (i.e. common homeland, language, religion, or race). Ethnicity: group of people w/ a common identity based on a distinct but shared culture (i.e. common homeland, language, religion, or race). Comes from Greek word “ethnos” which refers to a unique and cohesive group…i.e. us v. them Comes from Greek word “ethnos” which refers to a unique and cohesive group…i.e. us v. them

3. Ethnicity v. Race Ethnicity and race not necessarily same thing Ethnicity and race not necessarily same thing Race = genetic traits, biologically inherited physical characteristics Race = genetic traits, biologically inherited physical characteristics Ethnicity involves more than biological characteristics. May include that, but goes well beyond to include person’s social and cultural identity….i.e. people of same race can form many different ethnicities Ethnicity involves more than biological characteristics. May include that, but goes well beyond to include person’s social and cultural identity….i.e. people of same race can form many different ethnicities

4. Ethnicity Ethnocentrism: one’s conviction of ethnic superiority (like racism for an ethnic group) Ethnocentrism: one’s conviction of ethnic superiority (like racism for an ethnic group) Ethnic groups usually have ties to a particular homeland – often leads to ethnic cleansing or violence is to try to control piece of land Ethnic groups usually have ties to a particular homeland – often leads to ethnic cleansing or violence is to try to control piece of land Ethnicity is strongest tie for local diversity against globalization. Even if glob engulfs relig and lang, ethnicity will likely remain Ethnicity is strongest tie for local diversity against globalization. Even if glob engulfs relig and lang, ethnicity will likely remain

5. Ethnicity Ethnic groups can be difficult to identify….usually self-identified. Do we see ourselves as a unique and cohesive group…i.e. us versus them? Ethnic groups can be difficult to identify….usually self-identified. Do we see ourselves as a unique and cohesive group…i.e. us versus them?

6. Ethnic Distributions In United States: In United States: 13% African American13% African American 13% Hispanic (surpassing AA)13% Hispanic (surpassing AA) 4% Asian American4% Asian American 1% American Indian1% American Indian (white/Caucasian not an ethnicity)….why not?(white/Caucasian not an ethnicity)….why not?

7. Segregation De jure seg V. de facto seg De jure seg V. de facto seg De jure = legalized (Plessey v. Ferguson, apartheid in S. Africa)De jure = legalized (Plessey v. Ferguson, apartheid in S. Africa)apartheid apartheid

8. De Jure Segregation Overturned by Brown v. BOE Overturned by Brown v. BOE Nelson Mandella in S. Africa Nelson Mandella in S. Africa

9. Ethnic Clusters Ethnic enclave: voluntary residential segregation based on ethnicity (i.e. ethnic neighborhoods…Hispanic barrios, China town, little Havana) Ethnic enclave: voluntary residential segregation based on ethnicity (i.e. ethnic neighborhoods…Hispanic barrios, China town, little Havana)

10. De Facto Segregation Not legal – just happens. Ethnic clustering or ethnic enclaves Not legal – just happens. Ethnic clustering or ethnic enclaves i.e. white side of town, black side of town, etc.i.e. white side of town, black side of town, etc.

11. Segregation by Scale Seg can happen on 2 scales – within the region of a country or within neighborhoods of a city Seg can happen on 2 scales – within the region of a country or within neighborhoods of a city Regional Seg in U.S. Regional Seg in U.S. African Am in SE and citiesAfrican Am in SE and cities Hispanics in SWHispanics in SW Asian Am in west (Hawaii, CA)Asian Am in west (Hawaii, CA) Am Indians in SW and plainsAm Indians in SW and plains

12. De Facto Seg by Scale Seg within cities…..east side, west side, etc. Seg within cities…..east side, west side, etc. African Am highly clustered in cities (@ ¼ of all Americans live in cities, but ½ of all African Am in cities)African Am highly clustered in cities (@ ¼ of all Americans live in cities, but ½ of all African Am in cities) Ex: Chicago = 1/3 AA, Ill 1/12 AAEx: Chicago = 1/3 AA, Ill 1/12 AA Ex: Detroit = 4/5 AA, Michigan 1/14 AAEx: Detroit = 4/5 AA, Michigan 1/14 AA Ghetto: when ethnic groups were forced to live in parts of city usually in crowded, undesirable areas. Term came from Middle Ages w/ forced Jewish neighborhoodsGhetto: when ethnic groups were forced to live in parts of city usually in crowded, undesirable areas. Term came from Middle Ages w/ forced Jewish neighborhoods

14. Ethnicity transformed into Nationalities Nationality: a group of people who share a legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular country (is distinct from race and ethnicity, but often overlaps) Nationality: a group of people who share a legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular country (is distinct from race and ethnicity, but often overlaps) i.e. we’re all American but diff races and ethnicities i.e. we’re all American but diff races and ethnicities

15. Nation-States Nation-state: geo-political ideal - a state who’s territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality (i.e. Czech Republic, Japan) Nation-state: geo-political ideal - a state who’s territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality (i.e. Czech Republic, Japan) Self-determination: idea that ethnicity has right to govern themselves…has led to creation of new nation states and violence (i.e. Yugoslavia)Self-determination: idea that ethnicity has right to govern themselves…has led to creation of new nation states and violence (i.e. Yugoslavia)

16. In reality…nation states are rare Multi-nation states: a country that contains 2 or more ethnic groups w/ traditions of self-determ that agree to co-exist and share power peacefullyMulti-nation states: a country that contains 2 or more ethnic groups w/ traditions of self-determ that agree to co-exist and share power peacefully UK w/ 4 nationalities (Eng, Scot, Wales, N Ire) UK w/ 4 nationalities (Eng, Scot, Wales, N Ire) Russia = largest multi-nation state w/ 39 Russia = largest multi-nation state w/ 39 United States United States Canada – French and English speaking provinces Canada – French and English speaking provinces

17. In reality, nation states are rare... Multi –State Nations: Multi –State Nations: When a cohesive ethnic group is scattered among different countries - Kurds - Jews - Serbs in Austro-Hungarian empire

18. Resurgence of Ethnic Identity Last 20 yrs has seen resurgence of ethnic identity. During Cold War, Comm. dominated E. Eur and repressed ethn and cultural differences. After fall of Comm ethnicity rebounded- led to breakup of several states and ethnic violence Last 20 yrs has seen resurgence of ethnic identity. During Cold War, Comm. dominated E. Eur and repressed ethn and cultural differences. After fall of Comm ethnicity rebounded- led to breakup of several states and ethnic violence Ex: Yugoslavia – ethnic cleansingEx: Yugoslavia – ethnic cleansing USSR – dismantled along ethnic linesUSSR – dismantled along ethnic lines Czechoslovakia (Velvet Divorce)Czechoslovakia (Velvet Divorce) All divided along cultural/ethnic divides

19. Ethnic Violence Over 90% of world’s countries contain more than 1 ethnicity (i.e. nation state is rare ideal) Over 90% of world’s countries contain more than 1 ethnicity (i.e. nation state is rare ideal) Sub Sahara Africa and Balkans esp plagued w/ ethnic violence (lots of ethnicities and country boundaries don’t match) – Scramble for Africa imposed boundaries across ethnic/tribal groups Sub Sahara Africa and Balkans esp plagued w/ ethnic violence (lots of ethnicities and country boundaries don’t match) – Scramble for Africa imposed boundaries across ethnic/tribal groups

20. Examples of Ethnic Violence Ethiopia and Eritrea - 30 yr civil war, 665,000 Eritrean refugees fled to Sudan Ethiopia and Eritrea - 30 yr civil war, 665,000 Eritrean refugees fled to Sudan Sudan – civil war since 1980s Sudan – civil war since 1980s Sudan Black Christian rebels in South V. Arab Muslim govn’t forces in NorthBlack Christian rebels in South V. Arab Muslim govn’t forces in North Oppressive fundamentalist govn’tOppressive fundamentalist govn’t Over 2 mill dead, 1 mill refugesOver 2 mill dead, 1 mill refuges

21. Examples of ethnic violence Somalia: 6 major ethnic groups (clans) Somalia: 6 major ethnic groups (clans) Gov’t collapse in 1990s, war between clans for power vacuumGov’t collapse in 1990s, war between clans for power vacuum Famine, 300,000 dead, refugeesFamine, 300,000 dead, refugees US sent in troops (Black Hawk Down)US sent in troops (Black Hawk Down)

22. Examples of Ethnic Violence Lebanon - @ 60% Muslim, 30% Christian, 10% other Lebanon - @ 60% Muslim, 30% Christian, 10% other Militant Muslim sect – HezbollahMilitant Muslim sect – Hezbollah Civil warCivil war Kurds – ethn divided among several states (25 mill divided betwn 6 countries) – multi state nationKurds – ethn divided among several states (25 mill divided betwn 6 countries) – multi state nationKurds Fought for ind in Turkey and Iraq Fought for ind in Turkey and Iraq

23. Examples of Ethnic Violence Great Migration – India, Pakistan, Bangladesh Great Migration – India, Pakistan, Bangladesh Great Migration Great Migration British leave in 1847, ethnic fightBritish leave in 1847, ethnic fight Hindus – India, Muslims – E.W. PakistanHindus – India, Muslims – E.W. Pakistan India has hundreds of lang and ethnic groups and Hinduism has been centripetal forceIndia has hundreds of lang and ethnic groups and Hinduism has been centripetal force @ 17 mill moved – some killed by extremists on both sides@ 17 mill moved – some killed by extremists on both sides Still fight over Kashmir – in the northStill fight over Kashmir – in the north

24. Examples of Ethnic Violence Sri Lanka – Sinhalese V. Tamils Sri Lanka – Sinhalese V. Tamils 60,000 dead since fighting began in 198360,000 dead since fighting began in 1983 Sinhalese – 74% Buddhist in S.Sinhalese – 74% Buddhist in S. Tamils – 18% Hindus in N.Tamils – 18% Hindus in N. Tamils feel discriminated against, ongoing fightingTamils feel discriminated against, ongoing fighting

25. Ethnic Cleansing In worst cases ethnic violence can lead to ethnic cleansing – process by which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes less powerful ethnic group in order to create ethnic homogeneity. Can be achieved by.. In worst cases ethnic violence can lead to ethnic cleansing – process by which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes less powerful ethnic group in order to create ethnic homogeneity. Can be achieved by.. Forced migration - push out, burn homes, destroy townsForced migration - push out, burn homes, destroy towns Genocide: premeditated effort to kill all from certain ethnic group (Holocaust)Genocide: premeditated effort to kill all from certain ethnic group (Holocaust)

26. Yugoslav Map

27. Yugoslavia – the Balkans Yug had 5 ethnicities – Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, Macedonians, Montenegrins Yug had 5 ethnicities – Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, Macedonians, Montenegrins Communist – Josip Tito subdued ethnic animosities, forged Yugoslav identity…fireball erupts after Tito’s death & fall of Comm (1980s)Communist – Josip Tito subdued ethnic animosities, forged Yugoslav identity…fireball erupts after Tito’s death & fall of Comm (1980s) Croats helped Nazi Germans round up and kill Serbs during WW IICroats helped Nazi Germans round up and kill Serbs during WW II Tito – at right – heldTito – at right – held Yugoslavia together for several decades

28. Yugoslavia – Cont’d Ethnic cleansing in Bosnia – 40% Muslim, 32% Serb, 18% Croat – Serbs and Croats want to join with Crotia and Serbia. To strengthen claim, ethnically cleanse Bosnian Muslims. Ethnic cleansing in Bosnia – 40% Muslim, 32% Serb, 18% Croat – Serbs and Croats want to join with Crotia and Serbia. To strengthen claim, ethnically cleanse Bosnian Muslims. Kosovo: S. province of Serbia and Montenegro was 90% Albanian. Serbs use ethnic cleansing to push Albanians off land into nation of Albania. US and NATO bombed Serbia and forced Serbia to withdraw from Kosovo. Kosovo: S. province of Serbia and Montenegro was 90% Albanian. Serbs use ethnic cleansing to push Albanians off land into nation of Albania. US and NATO bombed Serbia and forced Serbia to withdraw from Kosovo.

29. Yugoslavia – cont’d At left Serbian leader Slobodan Milosevic – charged with war crimes and crimes against humanity. Died of a heart attack while awaiting trial at the Hague At left Serbian leader Slobodan Milosevic – charged with war crimes and crimes against humanity. Died of a heart attack while awaiting trial at the Hague

30. Yugoslavia - contd Results of ethnic violence Results of ethnic violence Bosnian Serbs = 33% pop got 50% country Bosnian Serbs = 33% pop got 50% country Bosnian Croats = 18% pop got 25%country Bosnian Croats = 18% pop got 25%country Bosnian Muslims = 44% pop got 27% country Bosnian Muslims = 44% pop got 27% country Balkanization – the breakdown of a state through ethnic conflict – i.e. shatterbelt Balkanization – the breakdown of a state through ethnic conflict – i.e. shatterbelt

31. E. Europe After Fall of Comm USSR – USSR –dismantledCzechoslovakia velvet divorce Yugoslavia – splitBalkanization All ethnic divisions

32. Ethnic Cleansing Rwanda and Burundi Rwanda and Burundi Hutus V. Tutsi Hutus V. Tutsi Tutsi – minority but treated better under colonial rule (lighter skin, taller, got govnt jobs and education)Tutsi – minority but treated better under colonial rule (lighter skin, taller, got govnt jobs and education) Independence – Hutu majority ethnically cleanse Tutsi minorityIndependence – Hutu majority ethnically cleanse Tutsi minority Spirals into civil war…million dead, millions of refugeesSpirals into civil war…million dead, millions of refugees

33. GENDER Gender: cultural reference to socially created distinctions (not biological) between masculinity – femininity Gender: cultural reference to socially created distinctions (not biological) between masculinity – femininity Gender Equity women’s welfare (i.e. education, health care, career, social roles, political power, etc.) Women’s welfare lags far behind in much of the world Gender Equity women’s welfare (i.e. education, health care, career, social roles, political power, etc.) Women’s welfare lags far behind in much of the world

34. Measures of Gender Equity Infanticide: killing babies (usually girls) Infanticide: killing babies (usually girls) Enfranchisement: political power, voting rights Enfranchisement: political power, voting rights Dowry Death: dowry is gift from bride’s family to groom’s (India). Substantial monetary gifts often expected. If groom’s family not satisfied w/ gift, may cast bride out or kill her. Dowry Death: dowry is gift from bride’s family to groom’s (India). Substantial monetary gifts often expected. If groom’s family not satisfied w/ gift, may cast bride out or kill her.

35. Measures of Gender Equity Maternal Mortality Rate: # of maternal deaths per 1,000 births Maternal Mortality Rate: # of maternal deaths per 1,000 births Single greatest health disparity betwn MDCs and LDCsSingle greatest health disparity betwn MDCs and LDCs WHO – 530,000 women die each yr from pregnancy related causes (99% of these in LDCs)WHO – 530,000 women die each yr from pregnancy related causes (99% of these in LDCs) Leading causes – pregnancy complications, abortions, deliveryLeading causes – pregnancy complications, abortions, delivery 1 in 16 women in Af die from maternal causes1 in 16 women in Af die from maternal causes These deaths are preventable – malnutrition, lack of prenatal care, etc.These deaths are preventable – malnutrition, lack of prenatal care, etc.