1. A Fully Conservative 2D Model over Evolving Geometries Ricardo Canelas Master degree student IST 14.12.09 Teton Dam 1976

2. Objectives: To develop a 2D fully conservative model for the propagation of discontinuous flows over evolving geometries

3. Tackle the domain definition and mesh generation issues, define a database structure susceptible to be well articulated with the discretization procedure. Gmsh (http://www.geuz.org/gmsh/) Winged Edge Data Structure

4. Use Gmsh as routine to: generate the initial mesh generate subsequent refined meshes using a background mesh technique that is built according to a non-real time evaluation of the spatial variation of hydrodynamic variables (height and velocities) and of the morphological parameters (slopes) Gmsh can use a simple scripting language as I/O Possible to integrate in another code the tasks of generating meshing domains, outputting results, and generating new meshes

5. Merging of altimetric information (DTM) with the “flat” mesh Efficient terrain surface discretization using a “parametric” space: a simple projection in Cartesian coordinates One condition: the DTM is a regular grid, for fast interpolation

6. Example on an idealized surface Domain definition Gmsh Delaunay triangulation

7. DTM merging Final surface

8. Generation of anisotropic meshes with background meshing techniques on Gmsh Calibrate initial mesh characteristic lenghts(generalized size of na element around a point) on each node according to defined criteria: spacial variation of hidrodinamic variables (height and velocities) and morphological parameters (slopes)

9. Example: linear variation of charactistic lenghts acording to third coordinate Original mesh Refined mesh (Delaunay triangulation)

10. Mesh topology data structure Winged Edge data structure Basic element is edge Highly redundant Constant time queries Relatively small memory requirements

11. Define discretization procedure for an uncoupled solution Use of Flux-vector Splitting Finite Volume Method: - Evaluate the PDEs, in their integral form over any discrete cell and balance the fluxes through the cell edges, in an attempt to estimate the real continuous solution. - Flux-vector Splitting considers a linear separation of the flux

12. Complete Conservation Equations Total mass Momentum in x direction Momentum in y direction Sediment mass in transport layer Closure equations needed for h b, u b, τ b, C b * and Λ – granular dynamics and numerical simulation

13. Equation discretization Full system in a compact form Were is the independant conservative variables vector is the primitive variables vector and are the flux vectors in x and y direction is the source terms vector

14. Trough proper integration, and evaluation of the integral form, the final expression for the computation of flux trough element edges becomes [Ferreira, 2009]

15. Geomorphology – code integration in the uncoupled case Development of 2D code that allows the computation of bed and lateral erosion and the integration of debris volume derived from geotechnical failure in the flow, compatible with the FVM nature of the hydrodynamical code is of major importance in this work.

16. Bed erosion – Formulation Equation for the mass conservation of sediments in the bed Closure equations (derived from granular dinamics) Equilibrium concentration Adaptation lenght

17. Bed erosion – discretization problems ΔZ b is evaluated in the conservation equation for the bed of the system, at the barycenter of each element Compatibility problems in the edges due to diferential erosion in adjacent elements – must devise a conservative way to force compatibility ΔZ b1 ΔZ b2 Time step Free surface level remais constant, velocities are computed again in each cell to acomodate volume change

18. Geotechnical failiure Geotechnical failiure represents a big contribuition of solid material to the flow in the case of dam break, and should be evaluated carefully. The initial aproach will be comparing each element maximum gradient with the critical value and performing a rotation of the element on a normal to the line of maximum gradient, fixed on the lowest node of the element.

19. Geotechnical Failiure model i>i crit Θ=i-i crit ΔZ1ΔZ1 ΔZ2ΔZ2

20. Geotechnical Failiure model Compatibilized elements Volume to integrate on the flow on the next time

21. Model Limitations -Instantaneous failiure and colapse; -Accuracy dependant on element size, computed not regarding this fact; Advantages -Easy to implement; -Low computing load

22. Model Validation -Actual case study with results produced by a 1D model is available for direct comparison