1. SEXUAL AND ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

2. A characteristic of living things is that they produce new organisms through the process of reproduction.

3. All organisms reproduce in one of two basic ways: Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction

4. Asexual reproduction is reproduction that involves only one parent.

5. Sexual reproduction is reproduction that involves two parents.

6. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Many things reproduce asexually, including bacteria, fungi, plants, some animals, and cells.

7. Unicellular organisms, such as paramecia and amoebae, reproduce asexually.

8. Amoeba engulfing a paramecia

9. Paramecium and Amoebae

10. MITOSIS Is a type of cell division in which the nucleus divides and results in two cells with identical genetic material.

11. Mitosis consists of 4 main phases. Mitosis results in 2 new cells that are identical to the parent cell.

12. I. Interphase – the cell continues to grow and carry out its normal functions.

13. II. Prophase – chromosomes within the cell are duplicated, or copied.

14. III. Metaphase – Duplicated chromosomes move to the center of the cell.

15. IV. Anaphase – Duplicated chromosomes are separated from each other. The nucleus of the cell divides into two.

16. V. Telophase – The process of mitosis is complete. The cell membrane begins to pinch in the middle, forming two new cells.

17. Cytokinesis is the actual division of the cytoplasm into two new cells. Cytokinesis follows the phases of mitosis.

18. Some multicellular organisms also reproduce asexually through the processes of budding, fragmentation, vegetative reproduction, or spore formation.

19. Budding and fragmentation are types of asexual reproduction in which a new organism grows from a small piece of the parent organism. Ex. Flatworm = can pinch itself in two, and each half becomes a new, complete organism

20. Vegetative reproduction occurs most frequently in plants. New plants grow from pieces of roots, stems, or leaves of existing plants. Ex. Potato cut into pieces, each piece that contains an eye or bud will grow into complete, new potato plants.

21. Meiosis Meiosis is a process that produces sex cells with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell. Female – eggs Males – sperm *** Sex cells are also called gametes***

22. Advantages and Disadvantages Advantage of Asexual Reproduction – organisms do not need a mate to reproduce Disadvantage of Asexual Reproduction – offspring are exactly like the parent

23. Advantage of Sexual Reproduction – gives species variations Disadvantage of Sexual Reproduction – two partners are needed for sexual reproduction (sperm/egg)