1. THEME: The North effectively brought to bear its long term advantages of industrial might and human resources to wage a devastating total war against the South. The war helped organize and modernize northern society, while the South, despite heroic efforts, was economically and socially crushed.

2. 16.1 The Civil War Begins Objectives: A. What were the North’s and the South’s strategies to win the war?

3. Lincoln’s Union (?) March 4, 1861 – Lincoln’s Inauguration, 7 states seceded: TX, LA, MISS, ALA, GA, FL, SC Lincoln’s inaugural address: “Physically speaking, we cannot separate.” Why?

5. Ft. Sumter: Cause & Effects CAUSES: Geography: Fort was in mouth of harbor of Charleston, SC Time: Fort needed more provisions to hold on Compromise? Lincoln would provision garrison, but not reinforce it.

7. http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/map_item.pl Charleston Harbor S.C.. Bombardment of Fort Sumter.

8. Fort Sumter Flag Note that there are 33 stars. Why is that important?

9. Fort Sumter (Library of Congress) Fort Sumter Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

10. Ft. Sumter: Cause & Effects EFFECTS: April 12, 1861: Confederates bombard Ft. Sumter, Federal garrison surrenders after 36 hours NORTH: unifies and settles in for a long fight, volunteers enlist, blockade begins SOUTH: Becomes aggressor, boosts overconfidence BORDER STATES: First blood drawn by South, therefore, most stay with the Union

11. Lincoln’s Cause: UNION, NOT ABOLITION. WHY? Lincoln cannot loose of Southern Ohio, Indiana, & Illinois NOR the Border States. “I think to lose Kentucky is nearly the same as to lose the whole game. Kentucky gone, we cannot hold Missouri, nor, I think, Maryland. These all against us. And the job on our hands is too large for us. We would as well consent to separation at once, including surrender of this capital.”

12. http://www.sewanee.edu/faculty/Willis/Civil_War/tables/BorderPop1860.html

13. Lee with his son after the surrender After opposing secession, General Robert E. Lee accepted a commission in the Confederate army and commanded the Army of Northern Virginia for most of the war. Photographer Mathew Brady took this picture of Lee (center), his son Major General G.W.C. Lee (left), and his aide Colonel Walter Taylor (right) eight days after Lee's surrender to General Grant. The forlorn expression on the general's face vividly demonstrates the agony of defeat. (Library of Congress) Lee with his son after the surrender Why is General Robert E. Lee an example of the importance of the border states?

15. Union Artillery at Fort Federal Hill, Baltimore, 1862 Photographed by David Bachrach MHS Library, Special Collections Department “After the riots of 1861, Baltimore illustrated the nation’s divided sympathies. If you were for the Confederacy, it was an occupied city. If you favored the Union, General Butler and his troops were protecting the city from the rebels. Legend reports that the fort’s troops enjoyed pointing out to nervous locals that the cannons were aimed at the Washington Monument, located in the center of the city, in case of insurrection.” http://www.mdhs.org/library/MDF3.html#32

17. Maryland, My Maryland –I The despot's heel is on thy shore, –Maryland! His torch is at thy temple door, –Maryland! Avenge the patriotic gore That flecked the streets of Baltimore, And be the battle queen of yore, –Maryland! My Maryland! –VI Dear Mother! burst the tyrant's chain, –Maryland! Virginia should not call in vain, –Maryland! She meets her sisters on the plain- "Sic semper!" 'tis the proud refrain That baffles minions back again, –Maryland! Arise in majesty again, –Maryland! My Maryland!

19. WAR STRATEGIES THE NORTH’S “ANACONDA” PLAN 1.Naval blockade of Southern ports 2.Control the Mississippi and split Confederacy in two 3.Capture Richmond, the Confederate Capital THE SOUTH’S PLAN 1.Fight a defensive war 2.Secure recognition and support from Europe 3.Negotiate an armistice

20. Scott's Great Snake General Winfield Scott's scheme to surround the South and await a seizure of power by southern Unionists drew scorn from critics who called it the Anaconda plan. In this lithograph, the "great snake" prepares to thrust down the Mississippi, seal off the Confederacy, and crush it. (Library of Congress) Scott's Great Snake Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

21. Bull Run (1 st Manassas) & 90 Day War Optimism runs high, on both sides: Lincoln calls up militia for 90 days Pressure to engage South leads to Bull Run. Union outnumbers South, but “Stonewall” Jackson holds and Southern reinforcements win the field. Union drive to Richmond ends in a humiliating retreat to DC EFFECTS: 1. South overconfident, invades MD and PA 2. Lincoln and North begin to consider emancipation. 3. Lincoln replaces McDowell and appoints George McClellan commander.

23. NORTHSOUTH Reasons for Fighting Advantages/ Strengths Disadvantages/ Weaknesses Military Strategy Battle Victories

24. Balance of Power SOUTH Defensive Strategy Better officers Military Culture King Cotton Limited transportation Limited manufacturing Limited population (slave revolution?) NORTH Offensive Strategy Incompetent/Hesitant Officers Urban culture Extensive ports& transportation system Extensive Manufacturing Immigration/Population booming