1. Coho salmon spawning preference in artificial stream channels at the Oregon Hatchery Research Center Leanne Weiss Advisor: Desiree Tullos wildernessclassroom.com/.../coho%20salmon.jpg

2. What factors impact where salmon spawn? Common descriptors of spawning habitat: Common descriptors of spawning habitat: Gravel size Water depth Velocity

3. What other factors impact where salmon spawn? Hyporheic zone “subsurface region of a stream where the groundwater and stream water interact” (Arntzen, Geist and Dresel 2006). How do Hyporheic processes effect fish and their choice of spawning habitat? Upwelling  areas of groundwater discharge into stream water Downwelling  areas of stream water discharge into groundwater

4. Consider known spawning and non-spawning sites and the following variables: Upwelling/Downwelling Upwelling/Downwelling Subsurface velocity Subsurface velocity Substrate size Substrate size Dissolved oxygen Dissolved oxygen

5. Oregon Hatchery Research Center Artificial Streams

6. Piezometers

7. where difference between water level in the piezometers and water level in the stream: [water level inside piezometers] – [water level outside piezometers] And depth of stream bed to the bottom of the piezometer: [top of piezometer to center of opening] – [top of piezometers to gravel surface] How do you measure upwelling/downwelling? Vertical Hydraulic Gradient From Dahm et al. 2006

8. Other measurements taken Subsurface Velocity Slug tracer test Enter in a known concentration of NaCl and measure conductivity Substrate Size Sieve samples Cumulative particle distribution (surface/subsurface)

10. Salmon SpeciesVHG preferenceReference ChinookDownwelling Vronskiy 1972 qtd in Kondolf 2000 ChinookDownwellingGeist et al. 2002 ChumUpwelling Tautz and Groot 1975 qtd in Kondolf 2000 ChumUpwellingGeist et al. 2002 Brooke TroutUpwelling Curry and Noakes 1995 qtd in Geist and Dauble 1998 SockeyeUpwellingLorenz and Eiler 1989 CohoDownwellingMull 2005

12. Subsurface d50 for non redd and redd sites

13. Most literature shows upwelling or downwelling to be the most important factor in spawning location Most literature shows upwelling or downwelling to be the most important factor in spawning location Possible reasons my data did not show this Possible reasons my data did not show this Artificial channels Artificial channels Constant flowConstant flow Bedload is not movingBedload is not moving Habitat is not restructuredHabitat is not restructured

14. Why should we care? ESA “critical habitat” Better ways to create artificial habitat

15. Thanks…  Desiree Tullos, David Noakes, OHRC, Ryan Couture, Joseph O’Neil, Nicole Czarnomski, Arianna Lambie, John Best, Cara Walter, Donna Viss, Sherri Johnston, Julia Jones, Kari O’Connell, Jorge Ramirez, Jennifer Hill Works Cited in Presentation Arntzen, E.V., Geist, D.R., Dresel, P.E. 2006. Effects of fluctuating river flow on groundwater/surface water mixing in the hyporheic zone of a regulated, large cobble red river. River Res. Applic. 22:937-946. Dahm, C.N, Valett, H.M., Baxter, C.V. 2006. Chapter 6: Hyporeheic Zones. In Hauer, F.R., Lamberti, G.A. (eds.), 2006 Methods in Stream Ecology (pp 119-144). Oxford UK: Elsevier.