1. Plant Notes
Ms. Williams
Biology

2. Characteristics of Plants
Multicellular
Eukaryotic
Photosynthetic autotrophs
Have thick cell walls made of cellulose
The stems and leaves are covered by a waxy, waterproof coating called a cuticle

3. Non-Seed Plants Reproduce using spores
A spore is a diploid (2n) reproductive cell, produced by meiosis, which can withstand harsh environmental conditions.
Most non-seed plants are non-vascular (do not contain vascular tissue

4. Non-Seed Plants
Examples of non-vascular, non-seed plants are mosses, liverworts and hornworts

5. Non-Seed Plants
These plants grow close to the ground to get water by a process called osmosis.
Other types of non-seed plants contain vascular tissue
Examples of vascular, non-seed plants are ferns, horsetails and club mosses

7. Alternation of Generation
Plants reproduce by a process called alternation of generation
This has 2 stages:
A haploid (n) stage called a gametophyte, which produces sex cells (eggs or sperm)
A diploid (2n) stage called the sporophyte

8. Alternation of Generation
This is the plant that you normally see. In some cases, the sporophyte produces spores

13. Seed Plants Have features that allow them to reproduce without water.
These include pollen, cones, flowers and seeds.

14. Seeds Can survive long periods of unfavorable conditions
Protects embryonic plant from drying out

15. Seeds There are 3 parts to a seed: Embryo - the tiny developing plant
Cotyledon - food source for embryo
Seed Coat - protects seed from damage and water loss

17. Seeds Seeds allow plants to disperse to new places
Seeds can be dispersed by wind, water and animals
Seeds may also have hooks, wings and feathery projections to help them move

19. Seeds
Seed plants can be grouped according to whether their seeds are enclosed in a fruit

20. Gymnosperms

21. Gymnosperms Plants with seeds that do not develop within a fruit
Most have seeds formed in cones, which have protective scales
Male cones produce pollen, female cones produce eggs

22. Male vs. Female Cones

23. Gymnosperms Examples include pine, fir and spruce trees
These are pollinated by the wind

24. Gymnosperms Conifers, or evergreens, have the following adaptations:
Needles have a compact shape and a thick cuticle to prevent water loss
Stems have a thick layer of xylem that insulates the tissues inside
Leaves and branches are flexible to bend under the weight of snow & ice

25. Angiosperms

26. Angiosperms - “flowering plants”
Plants with seeds protected by a fruit
Largest and most diverse group of plants
Provide most of the food eaten by humans

27. Angiosperms The fruit is the ripened ovary of the flower
The flower is the reproductive structure of angiosperms
Need insects, birds or other animals to pollinate the plant

28. Angiosperms
These animals are attracted by the color and shape of the flower

29. Two classes of angiosperms based on their seeds
Types
Monocot
Dicot
Examples
Corn, grass, lily
Bean, tree, cactus
# of Cotyledons 1 2
Vein structure in leaves
Parallel
Branched
# of flowering parts
3’s or multiples of 3’s
4’s or 5’s or multiples of 4’s or 5’s
Vascular tissue arrangement in stem
Scattered
Ring

31. Angiosperms 3 Types of lifespans in angiosperms
Annuals - flowering plants that mature and complete their life cycle in one year

32. Angiosperms Life spans
Biennials - flowering plants that take two years to complete their life cycles

33. Angiosperms Life Spans
Perennials - flowering plants that live for more than two years; come back year after year