1. Kingdom Plantae Plant Morphology

2. Plant Evolution Ancestor = Charophytes  member of the green algae

3. Evidence that supports this idea: 1.Homologous chloroplasts Similarity in characteristics d/t common ancestry 2.Biochemical similarity 3.Similarities in cytokinesis 4.Sperm cell ultrastructure 5.Genetic relationships

4. Problems associated with movement to land 1.Desiccation 2.Gas exchange 3.Support of multicellular structures 4.Spore or seed dispersal 5.Reproduction

6. Alternation of generations Two Generations: 1.Sporophyte stage a.Diploid stage b.Sporo = spore (n) plant a.sporopollenin c.Spores produced via meiosis d.Sporangium  sporocytes (2n)

7. Alternation of generations con’t. Two Generations: 2. Gametophyte a. haploid stage b. gameto = gamete plant c. gametes produced via MITOSIS

8. Bryophytes (nonvascular land plants) Hepatophyta Liverworts Anthoceros Hornworts Bryophyta Mosses

9. Bryophytes Gametangia = structures where gametes are produced a.Archegonia - egg cells b.Antheridia – sperm cells * Sporophyte cannot live independently

10. Moss plants – gametophyte & sporophyte generations

12. The Liverworts (Hepatophyta) - Marchantia sp.

13. The Hornworts (Anthocerophyta) Anthoceros sp.

14. Bryophytes con’t Stomata a. openings in leaves that allow for gas exchange

17. Bryophytes con’t Cuticle (made of cutin)

18. Bryophytes con’t. No fundamental difference between above and below ground parts - 2 cm tall Still have a need for water

19. Vascular Plants Dominant stage = sporophyte Specialized organs a.Stems b.Leaves - megaphyll - microphyll c.Sporophylls -Many cone shaped -Homosporous & heterosporous d.Roots - rhizomes

21. Vascular plants con’t. Branching  increased sporangia Some contain lignin a. structural support Vascular tissues a. Xylem b. phloem

23. Vascular plants con’t. 6. Two types of growth – apical meristem a. Primary growth b. Secondary growth 7. Sperm still flagellated 8. Maintained stomata & cuticle

25. Nonseed Vascular Plants LycophytaPsilotophytaSphenophytaPterophyta

26. LycophytaPsilotophyta Lycopodium sp.Psilotum sp. (microphylls)(stems only)

27. SphenophytaPterophyta – the ferns Equisetum sp.

28. Sori on the underside of sporophylls

29. Vascular Seed Plants Coniferophyta - the gymnosperms Anthophyta - the angiosperms

30. Seed plants Purpose of the seed: A. means of dispersal B. Survive unfavorable conditions C. Stores food for embryo D. Protection from predators

31. Seed plants con’t. 1.Non-flagellated sperm a.pollen b.Moved by water, wind, insects, and animals 2.Egg cells a. Called ovules  located inside the ovary

32. Seed plants con’t. 3. Reduced gametophyte a. composed only of sperm or egg 4. Maintained vascular tissue, cuticles, and stomata

33. Gymnosperms 1.Needle-like leaves 2.Found in moderately cold & dry regions 3.Direct pollination  ovules NOT enclosed by tissue of the sporophyte

34. Gymnosperms – naked seed plants CycadsGinkgo biloba

35. WelwitschiaEphedra Gnetophyta

36. Coniferophyta

37. Angiosperms 1.Produce seeds and flowers 2.Petals  brightly colored to attract pollinators 3.Dominate the landscape

38. The anatomy of a flower

39. Flower anatomy con’t.

40. Angiosperms con’t. Pollination 1.Pollen grain lands on stigma and germinates 2.Pollen tube grows down through style into ovary  releases sperm into ovules (egg cells) 3.Mature ovary = fruit 4.Mature ovule = seed

41. Pollination

42. Monocots vs. Dicots MonoDicot 1.1 cotyledon2 cotyledons 2.Parallel veinnet-like vein 3.Fibrous roottap root 4.Flwr parts in 3flwr parts in 4-5 5.Scattered bundlesbundles in ring (in the stem)