1. Clauses and Sentence Structure 11 English Grammar Review

2. What is a clause? A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb. A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb.

3. Types of Clauses An independent or main clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. Ex: Many people love to read. An independent or main clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. Ex: Many people love to read. A subordinate, or dependent, clause does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone in a sentence. Ex: If current studies are correct, many people love to read. A subordinate, or dependent, clause does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone in a sentence. Ex: If current studies are correct, many people love to read.

4. Now You Try Complete questions 1-9 on page 55 of your grammar workbook. Complete questions 1-9 on page 55 of your grammar workbook.

5. Words that introduce clauses: Coordinating conjunctions (and, but, for, nor, or, yet) join two independent clauses. Ex: Some researchers define 3 or 4 personality types, yet others identify as many as 16. Coordinating conjunctions (and, but, for, nor, or, yet) join two independent clauses. Ex: Some researchers define 3 or 4 personality types, yet others identify as many as 16. Subordinating conjunctions (after, although, because, as, etc.) introduce subordinate clauses. Ex: Defining personality types is still inexact even though research began over 80 years ago. Subordinating conjunctions (after, although, because, as, etc.) introduce subordinate clauses. Ex: Defining personality types is still inexact even though research began over 80 years ago.

6. Now You Try Complete questions 1-8 on page 56 of your grammar workbook. Complete questions 1-8 on page 56 of your grammar workbook.

7. Adjective Clauses An adjective clause is a subordinate clause used as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun. Ex: Some psychologists rely on tests that determine specific personality types. An adjective clause is a subordinate clause used as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun. Ex: Some psychologists rely on tests that determine specific personality types. Someone who takes such a test may not always agree with the results, however.

8. Essential and Nonessential Adjective Clauses An essential adjective clause contains information that is critical to the identity of a modified word or to the meaning of a sentence as a whole. Ex: Kiki took the personality test that has ten questions. An essential adjective clause contains information that is critical to the identity of a modified word or to the meaning of a sentence as a whole. Ex: Kiki took the personality test that has ten questions. A nonessential adjective clause adds information that is nice to have, but not absolutely necessary. Ex: Kiki took the personality test, which had ten questions. A nonessential adjective clause adds information that is nice to have, but not absolutely necessary. Ex: Kiki took the personality test, which had ten questions.

9. Adverb Clauses An adverb clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Ex: Al panics whenever he takes a test. However, this time, the answers came to him more easily than he had expected. An adverb clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Ex: Al panics whenever he takes a test. However, this time, the answers came to him more easily than he had expected.

10. Now You Try Complete questions 1-8; 1-2; and 1-6 on page 59 of your grammar workbook. Complete questions 1-8; 1-2; and 1-6 on page 59 of your grammar workbook.

11. Noun Clauses A noun clause is a subordinate clause used as a noun. Ex: Whatever you want to do is fine with me. (subject) Some people say that heredity determines personality. (DO) They give whatever we have as our genetic makeup the credit or blame for many personality traits. (IO) A noun clause is a subordinate clause used as a noun. Ex: Whatever you want to do is fine with me. (subject) Some people say that heredity determines personality. (DO) They give whatever we have as our genetic makeup the credit or blame for many personality traits. (IO)

12. Now You Try Complete questions 1-12 on page 61 of your grammar workbook. Complete questions 1-12 on page 61 of your grammar workbook.

13. Sentence Structure A sentence is classified according to its structure, that is, the number and kinds of clauses it contains. There are four kinds of basic sentence structures: simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex. A sentence is classified according to its structure, that is, the number and kinds of clauses it contains. There are four kinds of basic sentence structures: simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex.

14. Sentence Structure A simple sentence consists of one independent clause and no subordinate clauses. Ex: Different personality types may share similar interests. A simple sentence consists of one independent clause and no subordinate clauses. Ex: Different personality types may share similar interests. A compound sentence contains two or more independent clauses joined together. Ex: Some people like change, but others like stability. A compound sentence contains two or more independent clauses joined together. Ex: Some people like change, but others like stability. Compound sentences may be joined with a conjunction, a semicolon, or semicolon and conjunctive adverb. Compound sentences may be joined with a conjunction, a semicolon, or semicolon and conjunctive adverb.

15. Sentence Structure A complex sentence contains one independent clause and one or more subordinate clauses. Ex: A complex sentence contains one independent clause and one or more subordinate clauses. Ex: Although only-children differ, they often share many traits. A compound-complex sentence has two or more independent clauses and one or more subordinate clauses. Ex: Researchers studied couples who have contrasting personalities, and the results are interesting. A compound-complex sentence has two or more independent clauses and one or more subordinate clauses. Ex: Researchers studied couples who have contrasting personalities, and the results are interesting.

16. Now You Try Complete questions 1-12 on page 64 of your grammar workbook. Complete questions 1-12 on page 64 of your grammar workbook.

17. Fragments and Run-ons A sentence fragment is only part of a sentence. Phrase fragments: has neither a subject nor verb Ex: At the beginning of the movie Phrase fragments: has neither a subject nor verb Ex: At the beginning of the movie Clause fragments: has a subject and a verb, but does not express a complete thought Ex: If you are the outgoing type Clause fragments: has a subject and a verb, but does not express a complete thought Ex: If you are the outgoing type Librarians inaccurately said to be quiet

18. Fragments and Run-ons A run-on sentence consists of two or more sentences written as if they were one sentence. Ex: We went to the lake but Tom could not go. I took a personality test during the workshop it was fun

19. Fragments and Run-ons A comma splice is a run-on sentence where two independent clauses are joined by a comma. Ex: Kelsey is from Mobile, she loves Mardi Gras.

20. Now You Try Complete questions 1-10 on page 67 of your grammar workbook. Complete questions 1-10 on page 67 of your grammar workbook.