1. LANDSCAPES – Development and Change

2. Major Points - Landscape characteristics are the result of - interaction of forces of crustal movement - climate, - human activities - time

3. Underlying bedrock determines landscape

4. Landscape regions can usually be identified by the elevation of the region (relief)  There are 3 types:  Mountains, plateaus and plains.

5. Mountains  High elevation  Deformed rock structures due to forces of mountain building.

6. Plateaus  Medium to high elevation  Sedimentary rock forms base

7. Plains  Low elevation  Horizontal rock layers rock layers Landscape regions tend to be separated by mountains, large bodies of water and other natural boundaries.

8. What Forms Landscapes? - Two major forces oppose each other :  Uplifting forces/Constructive – mountain building, -continental accretion (caused by earthquakes, volcanoes, folding, faulting)

9. Leveling forces/Destructive – weathering and erosion.  Creates an equilibrium or balance

10. Climate Arid vs Humid  Arid – jagged, angular, dry  Humid – moderate to high precipitation - rolling, low slope, grassy, well-defined soil profiles.

11. Old vs New  Old – gentle rolling hills, worn away, oxbow lakes. Ex. New York  New – jagged mountains, more angular, steep slopes Ex. Pacific Mt. Ranges: Cascades and Sierra Nevada

12. Bedrock  Effects how the landscape looks according to its resistance to weathering and erosion.  Cliffs: results from rock that varies in rock resistance – resistant rock juts out in a series of layers due to composition – resists weathering.

13. Water for Stream Flow  A stream gets its water from rainfall, runoff and overland flow.  How quickly a stream gets water depends on:gradient, vegetation, distance, urban vs rural areas… Watershed  Geographic are that drains into a specific stream of body of water.

14. Stream Drainage Patterns  Patterns made as stream crosses land.  Result of underlying bedrock, gradient.  There are 5 General Types: DARRT

15. Dendritic – treelike, uniform

16. Annular – eroded hill areas

17. Radial – central point drainage

18. Rectangular- found in regions where faulting occurred.

19. Trellis - develop where there is strong structural control upon streams because of geology.