1. CONGRESS: STRUCTURE & ORGANIZATION Unit 3 Part 3

2. PARTY LEADERSHIP & ORGANIZATION

3. The Formal Leadership ◦ Congress is organized by party. ◦ Control the official positions of power. ◦ Party leaders influence decisions regarding public issues.

4. Leadership in House ◦ Speaker of the House ◦ Official leader of the majority party in the House. Duties include… ◦ Presiding over meetings of the House ◦ Appointing members of joint and conference committees. ◦ Scheduling legislation for floor action. ◦ Deciding points of order and interpreting rules with advice from parliamentarian. ◦ Referring bills and resolutions to standing committees ◦ Take part in floor debate and vote.

6. Leadership in House ◦ Majority Leader ◦ Elected by caucus of party members to act as spokesperson. ◦ Influences scheduling of debate ◦ Chief supporter of Speaker Majority Leader of the United States House of Representatives Incumbent Kevin McCarthy (Republican Leader) since August 1, 2014 Kevin McCarthy

7. Leadership in the House ◦ The Minority Leader ◦ Nominated for Speaker by minority party. ◦ Duties are the same as the majority leader. ◦ Speak on behalf of the president if they are of the same party.

8. Leadership of House ◦ Whips ◦ Assistants to majority and minority leaders. ◦ Passing information from leadership to members. ◦ Ensure that members show up for floor debate and vote. ◦ Conduct polling about views on major pieces of legislation ◦ Inform leaders who is doubtful, who is certain ◦ May pressure member to support leadership.

9. Majority Whip of the United States House of Representatives Incumbent Steve Scalise (Republican Whip) since August 1, 2014 Steve Scalise

10. Leadership in Senate ◦ President of Senate ◦ Ceremonial in nature ◦ Vice-President of US ◦ Can break a tie ◦ Rarely there.

11. Leadership in Senate ◦ President Pro Tempore ◦ Presides over Senate when VP is absent. ◦ Member of majority party with longest continuous term of service. ◦ Mostly ceremonial ◦ Junior Senators actually presides over it. President Pro Tempore of the United States Senate Incumbent Patrick Leahy since December 17, 2012 Patrick Leahy

12. Leadership in Senate ◦ Majority/Minority Floor Leader ◦ Real power. ◦ Right to be recognized first in debate. ◦ Control the scheduling of debate on floor w/ Policy Committee ◦ Influence allocation of committee assignments ◦ Influence the selection of party officials. ◦ Liaison with WH, try and cooperate with committee chairperson, facilitate the smooth functioning of the Senate.

14. Leadership of Senate ◦ Senate Party Whips ◦ Maintain communication within party on positions. ◦ Ensure party colleagues are present for floor debate and important votes.

15. Minority Whip of the U.S. Senate (Republican Whip) U.S. Senate Incumbent John Cornyn since January 3, 2013 John Cornyn

16. THE COMMITTEE SYSTEM: THE CORE OF CONGRESS

17. The Committee Structure ◦ Most work of Congress happens in committees and sub- committees. ◦ Provides for specialization ◦ Flow of legislation determined by the speed of the committee

18. Power of Committees ◦ AKA “Little Legislatures”, committees have the final say on pieces of legislation. ◦ Chairpersons: schedule hearings, formal action. ◦ Decide on which subcommittee gets the bill.

19. Types of Committees ◦ Standing Committees: permanent bodies that are established by the rules of Congress ◦ Most of them create subcommittees to do their work. ◦ Given a specific legislative jurisdiction. ◦ Each House member serves on 2 ◦ Unless they are on the Appropriations, Rules, Ways and Means ◦ Each Senator may serve on 2 major, 1 minor (Rules and Administration, Veteran’s Affairs)

20. House Standing Committees Agriculture Appropriations Armed Services Budget Education & Workforce Energy & Commerce Financial Services Oversight & Government Reform House Admin. Foreign Affairs Judiciary Homeland Security Natural Resources Rules Science, Space, & Technology Small Business Standards of Official Conduct Transportation & Infrastructure Veterans Affairs Ways & Means

21. Senate Standing Committees Agriculture, Nutrition, & Forestry Appropriations Armed Services Banking, Housing, & Urban Affairs Budget Commerce, Science, Transportation Energy & Natural Resources Environment and Public Works Finance Foreign Relations Governmental Affairs Health, Education, Labor & Pensions Homeland Security & Governmental Affairs Judiciary Rules and Administration Small Business and Entrepreneurship Veterans Affairs

22. Types of Committees continued… ◦ Select Committees: Limited time, specific purpose. Generally no new legislation. ◦ EX: Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming ◦ Joint Committees: both chambers, can be permanent or temporary. ◦ EX: Economic, on the Library, on Printing, on Taxation.

23. Types of Committees continued… ◦ Conference Committees: special type of joint. Form the agreement between H and S on bills. ◦ House Rules Committee: has “gate keeping” power over the terms on which legislation reaches the floor. ◦ Sets time limit on debate, determines whether and how a bill can be amended. ◦ Party membership is disproportionate.

24. Selection of Committee Members ◦ House ◦ Appointed to standing committees by Steering Committee of their party. ◦ Seniority system to decide chairperson. ◦ Continuous service to a standing committee or people in leadership roles.

25. CONGRESSIONAL STAFF

26. Responsibilities ◦ Handling constituency requests ◦ Formulating & drafting proposals ◦ Organizing hearings ◦ Dealing with administrative agencies ◦ Negotiating with lobbyists

27. 3 Staff Agencies ◦ Congressional Research Service: performs research for MCs ◦ Government Accountability Office: investigates financial & administrative affairs of agencies ◦ Congressional Budget Office: assesses economic implications & costs of proposed federal programs

28. CAUCUSES: INFORMAL ORGANIZATION

29. Legislative Service Organizations ◦ Group of Senators or Representative who share certain opinions, interests, or social characteristics ◦ E.g. Democratic Study Group, Congressional Black Caucus, Hispanic Caucus

30. HOW CONGRESS DECIDES

31. How A Bill Becomes a Law https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Otbml6WIQPo

32. How a bill becomes a law

33. Unorthodox Procedures ◦ Nuclear Option ◦ May 2005 by Senate Majority Leader (Bill Frist) ◦ To end debate and get around filibuster

34. The Distributive Tendency in Congress ◦ Building the super-majority coalitions in Congress necessary to pass legislation leads to a distributive tendency in legislation. ◦ This means that bills are frequently designed so as to distribute policy benefits as widely as possible.

35. Logrolling ◦ Logrolling means exchanging votes for favors. ◦ “I’ll vote for your bill if you vote for my bill.”

36. Representative Colleagues Constituents Staff Caucuses Party & President Interest Groups Political Action Committees How Members Make Decisions

37. How Members Decide ◦ Constituency: Members care about what constituents will think on Election Day. ◦ Interest Groups: Groups educate the public, mobilize constituents, and make campaign donations. ◦ Party Voting: Members listen to party leaders more today than they did 50 years ago.

38. Party Unity on the Rise

39. Widening Ideological Gap Between Parties in Congress

40. Causes of Increasing Partisanship in Congress ◦ Greater power for party leaders: ◦ committee assignments ◦ access to the floor ◦ the whip system ◦ Logrolling ◦ increasing power and visibility for the president ◦ gerrymandering