1. Comparative Vertebrate Physiology Control of Respiration in Aquatic and Terrestrial vertebrates

2. Alveolar ventilation rate AVR = frequency x tidal volume (breaths/min.) (ml/breath) Human AVR = 4.2 - 6 L (12 x 350 - 500)

3. Alveolar ventilation Which variable enhances AVR more? Tidal volume

4. Medulla control Pre-Bötzinger complex, parafacial respiratory group (amphibians, mammals)

5. Hering-Breuer reflex

6. Chemoreceptors Early detection Central (brain) Peripheral (other areas)

7. Gases in the environment Aquatic Fluctuations in pO 2 : hypoxia Terrestrial Fluctuations in pCO 2 : hypercapnia

8. Reptiles and birds

9. Mammals