1. The Post Classical Era ~600-1450 CE Expansion and Intensification of Communication and Exchange Networks Continuity and Innovation of State Forms and their Interactions Increased Economic Productive Capacity and its Consequences

2. Key Dates 476 Roman Empire falls in W. Europe 527 Justinian becomes Byzantine Emperor 537 Completion of the Hagia Sophia 570-632 Muhammad [622 Islam calendar year 1] 610-635 Quran is compiled 638 Arabs conquer Jerusalem 751-1258 Abbasids take power move capital to Baghdad 800 Charlemagne crowned “Holy Roman Emperor” 860 Cyrillic Alphabet in the land of the Kievan Rus 1000 Chinese invent gunpowder 1066 William the Conqueror invades England (end of Anglo-Saxon England) 1099 Crusades begin – 1 st – Crusaders take Jerusalem 1204 Crusaders take Constantinople 1215 King John signs Magna Carta 1258 Fall of Baghdad & Abbasid Dynasty to Mongol invasion 1279 Song Dynasty Falls to Mongol Invasion 1348 Black Plague strikes Europe 1378-1417 Great Schism 1453 Fall of Constantinople and the Byzantine Empire to the Ottoman Empire

3. The Middle Ages ~ 500- 1400-ish AD

4. The Middle Ages Aka the “Medieval Period” or “The Dark Ages” – ~AD 500-1400 Political Development – Western Europe in chaos after fall of Rome Church provides only stability Semi literate – Conflict and settlement Tribal chieftains replace earlier Roman governors Germanic people identified with an extended family- not a state or kingdom Warriors bound to chief through loyalty oaths- in return they receive food, shelter, and weapons People eventually settled on estates where the leaders provided protection in exchange for free labor

5. A Time of Obligations – Feudalism A complex system of political and military loyalties that linked lords together. Greater lords provided protection and aid to lesser lords (vassals) who in return provided military service. – Manorialism An economic system in which peasants (serfs) were tied to the land to supply agricultural labor for their lords

6. Political Development, continued The FRANKS – Organized a series of Germanic kingdoms through conquest CLOVIS ruled from AD481-511 converted to Christianity CAROLINGIANS- – Provided needed protection from the VIKINGS – Charlemagne (Charles the Great) Crowned “Holy Roman Emperor” by the Pope (Leo III) in 800ad » Effective military ruler » Effective organizer » HRE fragments after his death

7. Coronation of Charlemagne

11. Note taking strategy

12. Technological/Agricultural developments – Mold Board – Horse collar – Stirrups (more of a military application) – >> Disturbances » Viking Raids into northern Europe

14. Alcuin (735-804) "Either this is the beginning of greater tribulation, or else the sins of the inhabitants have called it upon them. Truly it has not happened by chance, but it is a sign that it was well merited by someone. But now, you who are left, stand manfully, fight bravely, defend the camp of God." "Either this is the beginning of greater tribulation, or else the sins of the inhabitants have called it upon them. Truly it has not happened by chance, but it is a sign that it was well merited by someone. But now, you who are left, stand manfully, fight bravely, defend the camp of God."

15. Power & Organization in the Medieval Church For several centuries, Secular rulers depended on the Pope for legitimacy Hierarchy: Pope Bishops Abbots Missionaries regional authority Head of Monastery Wandering orders of Monks (Abbess; Nunnery) Priests assigned to local churches

16. Religious & Political Developments 1054 The Great Schism 1054 The Great Schism Papal Authority Papal Authority – Who gets to appoint Church officials (Investiture) in locations far away from the Church? – Twisting secular arms Excommunication Excommunication The Interdict The Interdict William the Conqueror and England; William the Conqueror and England; 1066 & the Battle of Hastings 1066 & the Battle of Hastings Introduces feudalism abruptly Introduces feudalism abruptly Magna Carta; 1215 Magna Carta; 1215 – ??? The Crusades The Crusades

17. Roman Catholicism Eastern Orthodoxy Separation between Union between political and religious political and religious leaders leaders Religious art conveys Religious art conveyed Jesus as suffering Jesus as Majestic and for the sins of mankind Divine Priests could not marry Priests may marry Gothic Architecture Architecture inspired by Rome (Arches & domes ) Theology less influenced by Greeks Theology more influenced by Greeks Pope = Papa “Father” Patriarch = Father (regional by Universal leader nation, today) Different dates for holidays, some different saints, et.al.

18. Economic Developments Venice and Genoa- Venice and Genoa- – Supplied the Crusades Guilds Guilds – Professional associations of people in the same trade – Price and wage fixing, regulated quality & lobbied for their interests The Hanseatic League The Hanseatic League – Northern Europe Banking and Trade Banking and Trade – Usury Jewish people and “pogroms” Jewish people and “pogroms”

19. Culture and the Arts “Carolingian Renaissance” “Carolingian Renaissance” – Scriptoria Scholasticism Scholasticism – Reconciliation of Christian values with logical reasoning of Greek philosophy Vernacular Languages Vernacular Languages – Canterbury Tales – The Divine Comedy Architecture Architecture – Gothic The Arts The Arts – Religious