1. Grade 9

2. Foreshadowing:  When hints or clues are given about events that will happen later in the story. Example:  A character breaks a mirror, a black cat crosses his path and then later on in the story something bad happens to him/her.

3. Flashback:  A useful device that provides information about an earlier event; the writer shifts from the present to the past to illustrate an important point.  The story is told in the past tense and relived through a character’s memory.

4. Irony:  A contrast between what is said and what is meant or between expectations and reality. Example:  “I was never nicer to the old man as I was the week before I killed him.”

5. Dramatic Irony:  When we the reader or audience member is aware of something that is about to occur, but the character in the text is not. Example:  In the Shakespearean play Othello, the audience knows Iago’s evil plan, but the other characters do not.

6. Situational Irony:  The actual outcome is different from what is expected. Example:  Olympic swimmer drowns in bathtub.  Firemen dies in house fire.  Policeman robs a bank.

7. Verbal Irony:  Occurs when a character says one thing literally, but really means something else.  There is an implied meaning opposite to what is said. Example:  When you don’t complete your homework, and I say with sarcasm, “I can see that you are really working hard in this course!”

8. Symbol:  An object, image, character, or action that stands for an idea beyond its literal meaning. Example:  Rose = Love  Cross = Sacrifice  Lamb = Gentleness

9. Alliteration:  The repetition of the initial letter or sounds in two or more words in a line or group of lines. Or repetition of consonant sounds within the words. Example:  “He is a witty, whiny, worthless young man.”  “Betty Boop bought some butter”

10. Allusion:  When casual reference is made to a famous historical or literary figure or event. Example:  Christ  Greek gods (Zeus)  “Oh how I long for my own Rapunzel!”

11. Hyperbole:  An exaggeration or overstatement. Example:  “I called you a thousand times last night.”  “I am starving!”

12. Imagery:  When images are created by a writer using concrete details, adjectives, and figures of speech. Example:  Blossoming flower, reaching towards the sun.

13. Metaphor:  Comparing two things WITHOUT using “like” or “as”. Example:  I am a bear in the morning.  My students are angels.

14. Onomatopoeia:  Words that sound the way they are spelled. Example:  Bang  Boom  Buzzzzz

15. Oxymoron:  Two contrasting words/ideas put together. Example:  Jumbo Shrimp  Cold Heat  Hard Love  Bitter Sweet

16. Pathetic Fallacy:  When nature mimics what is happening in the story. Example:  Rain when a character is sad or depressed.  A hail storm when a character is experiencing a crisis.

17. Personification:  When something non-human is given human qualities. Example:  Death is knocking at my door.  The sun extended its hand to keep me warm that day.

18. Simile:  Comparing two things USING “like” or “as”. Example:  “Our love is like a warm fire.”  “She her smile was as bright as the sun.”

19. Understatement:  Saying less than what is true for effect. Example:  My parents were disappointed when I smashed their new car!

20. Pun:  Is a humorous play on words to emphasize or suggest its different meanings or the use of words that are alike or nearly alike in sound Example:  Eating a clock is very time consuming.  My friend’s bakery burned down and now his business is toast.

21. Archetype:  A basic pattern or concept common to people of different times and cultures. A pattern, character, or situation frequently found in literature. Example:  Mother  Hero  Christ figure

22. Tone:  The attitude the author has towards the subject.  This is most often created through the author’s choice of words. Example:  Depressing  Humorous  Optimistic

23. Diction:  The author’s choice of words, which can create the tone or atmosphere. Example:  Sharp words  Kind words

24.  Do you have any questions or concerns?  Complete the literary devices activity sheet!  Soon you will be an expert on literary devices!