1. CS3431-B111 The Entity- Relationship Model Part II. Instructor: Mohamed Eltabakh meltabakh@cs.wpi.edu

2. 2 Entities with Different Attribute Types (Recap) Composite Attribute: address Multivalued Attribute: major Derived Attribute: Age Age Student entity type with all its attributes Age DoB Primitive Attribute: sNumber sNumber

3. Binary Relationships (Recap) 3 supplier sName sLoc consumer cName cLoc product pNumbe r sName sPrice supplies buys date quantity Attributes can be attached to Entity Sets or Relationships

4. 4 Multi-Way Relationships (Recap) Model the relationship Supplier supplies Products to Consumers Ternary relationship (three-way)

5. 5 Recursive Relationship Types and Roles (Recap) Refer to the same entity in the relationship Recursive relationship type : Part-Subpart Roles: There are Parts that play the role of superPart There are Parts that play the role of subPart

6. More Elements in ER Model Key Constraints Cardinality Constraints Weak Entities Subclass Entities (ISA Relationships) Principles for Good Design 6

7. Keys of Entity Sets Remember entity set is a group of entities with the same type Key of Entity Set Set of attributes that uniquely identify each entity Examples: “Car”  VIN “Person”  SSN “WPI Student”  WPI ID A key has to be unique within the scope of your application Does not have to be globally unique Example: “US Student”  SSN, UniversityName + UnivesityID 7

8. Types of Keys A super key of an entity set is a set of one or more attributes whose values uniquely determine each entity “Person”  SSN, SSN + FirstName “Account”  AccountNumber + AccountType A candidate key of an entity set is a minimal super key “Person”  SSN “Account”  AccountNumber “US Student”  SSN, UniversityName + UnivesityID Each candidate key is a super key but not vice versa A primary key is one from, possibly several, candidate keys  Pick one and declare it as “primary key” “Student”  SSN, StudentID, FirstName + MiddleName + LastName 8

9. Primary Keys in ERD Select only one key to be the primary key Primary key is modeled by “underline” under its set of attributes Good Practice: Select singleton and number fields whenever possible 9

10. 10 Multi-Attributes Primary Key Key for Student is sNumber Key for Movie is We can represent key for entity type consisting of more than one attribute (e.g.: Movie)

11. Keys of Relationships Relationship without attributes The combination of primary keys of the participating entity sets forms a key of a relationship set (customer_id, load_number) is the key of borrower 11

12. Keys of Relationships (Cont’d) Relationship with attributes Attributes of the relationship may (not always) participate inside the key + the external keys (sNumber, cNumber, Date) is the key of Taken 12 Date project Grade What if we do not underline “Date” attribute ??

13. More Elements in ER Model Key Constraints Cardinality Constraints Weak Entities Subclass Entities (ISA Relationships) Principles for Good Design 13

14. Cardinality Constraints Express the number of entities to which another entity can be associated via a relationship set Most useful in describing binary relationship sets For a binary relationship set the mapping cardinality must be one of the following types: One to one One to many Many to one Many to many 14

15. Mapping Cardinalities 15

16. Mapping Cardinalities (Cont’d) 16

17. Representing Cardinalities in ERD In a relationship: “ ” : Represent “many” (including 0) “ ” : Represent “one” (including 0) “ ”: Represent “one” (must be one) 17 A student is taking “many” courses. A course can be taken by “many” students.

18. One-To-Many Relationship In the one-to-many relationship a loan is associated with at most one customer via borrower, a customer is associated with many (including 0) loans via borrower 18 One-to-Many from Customer to Loan

19. Many-To-One Relationship In a many-to-one relationship a loan is associated with many (including 0) customers via borrower, a customer is associated with at most one loan via borrower 19

20. Many-To-Many Relationship In a many-to-many relationship a loan is associated with many (including 0) customers via borrower, a customer is associated with many loan via borrower 20

21. 21 Degree of Cardinalities How : Expressed using (min, max) Student can take many courses, and a course can be taken by many students Student can take 0 to 5 courses, and a course can be taken by 3 to 60 students (3, 60) (0, 5)

22. 22 Cardinality Constraints for Recursive Relationships A Part may contain many subparts A Part can be subpart in many superParts Contains Part pName pNumber subPartsuperPart quantity

23. 23 Cardinality Constraints for Recursive Relationships A Part can have many subParts A Part can be subpart for at most one superPart

24. 24 Cardinality Constraints for Multi-way Relationships Every Supplier supplies some Product to some Consumer Supplier sName sLoc Consumer cName cLoc Supply price Product pName pNumber qty To add degree constraints, introduce a new entity set and create multiple binary relationships !!!

25. Adding Cardinality Constraints to Multi-way Relationships 25 Supplier sName sLoc Consumer cName cLoc price Product pName pNumber qty Supp_Cons_ Prod What is the key of this entity ??? (Weak Entity) supplies consumes in

26. More Elements in ER Model Key Constraints Cardinality Constraints Weak Entities Subclass Entities (ISA Relationships) Principles for Good Design 26

27. Weak Entity Sets An entity set that does not have a primary key is referred to as a weak entity set Its attributes are not enough to form a key The existence of a weak entity set depends on the existence of an identifying entity set It must relate to the identifying entity set via a total, one-to-many relationship set from the identifying to the weak entity set 27 Course number is unique only within the department Weak entity set Identifying entity set

28. Weak Entity Sets Discriminator (or partial key) of a weak entity set The set of attributes that uniquely identify a weak entity given its identifying entity Primary key of a weak entity set The composition of the primary key of the identifying entity set + the weak entity set’s discriminator Identifying entity has to exist for each weak entity Cannot have a course without a corresponding department (dNumber, cNumber) is the primary key for Course 28 discriminator

29. Representing a Weak Entity Set Weak entity set is represented by double rectangles Weak relationship (supporting relationship) is represented by double diamonds Weak relationship is one-many from the weak entity to the identifying entity 29

30. Again: It Depends on Your Application/Assumptions If you assume the course number is unique within a department “Course”  is a weak entity set If you assume the course number is unique across all departments “Course”  is a strong entity set 30 Course offers Stating your assumptions in text is very important !!!

31. More Elements in ER Model Key Constraints Cardinality Constraints Weak Entities Subclass Entities (ISA Relationships) Principles for Good Design 31

32. What about an Exercise !!! Lets interactively design a database for a hospital 32

33. ISA Relationship Types Similar to “subclass” concept in Object-Oriented languages Entity sets share some common attributes but differ in others Sometimes called “Specialization/Generalization” Example Students can be UGStudents or GradStudents UGStudents take undergrad Classes GradStudents can be TAs or RAs GradStudents are advised by Professors 33

34. ISA Relationship Types (Cont’d) Top-down design process Build entities with the common attributes, then build sub-entities with distinctive attributes from other entities in the set These sub-entities become lower-level entity sets that have attributes or participate in relationships that do not apply to the general higher-level entity set In ERD, represented by a triangle component labeled ISA (E.g. customer “is a” person) Attribute inheritance Lower-level entity set inherits all the attributes and relationship participation of the higher-level entity set to which it is linked 34

35. 35 ISA Relationship: Example I

36. ISA Relationship: Example II 36

37. ISA Relationship: Generalization Bottom-up design process Combine a number of entity sets that share the same features into a higher-level entity set Specialization and generalization are simple inversions of each other They are represented in an E-R diagram in the same way The terms specialization and generalization are used interchangeably. 37

38. Multiple ISA Relationships Can have multiple specializations of an entity set based on different features E.g. permanent_employee vs. temporary_employee, in addition to officer vs. secretary vs. teller Each particular employee would be A member of one of permanent_employee or temporary_employee, And also a member of one of officer, secretary, or teller 38

39. Multiple ISA Relationships: Example 39 ISA permanent temporary

40. ISA Relationship: Constraints Constraint on which entities can be members of a given lower-level entity set Example: all customers over 65 years are members of senior-citizen entity set; senior- citizen ISA person Denoted in ERD on the ISA edge Constraint on whether or not entities may belong to more than one lower-level entity set within a single generalization. Disjoint An entity can belong to only one lower-level entity set Overlapping An entity can belong to more than one lower-level entity set Denoted in ERD by writing “disjoint” or “overlapping” next to ISA triangle, by default  “disjoint” 40

41. ISA Relationship: Constraints (Cont’d) Completeness constraint -- specifies whether or not an entity in the higher-level entity set must belong to at least one of the lower-level entity sets within a generalization Total : An entity must belong to one of the lower-level entity sets Partial: An entity need not belong to one of the lower-level entity sets 41

42. Example Overlapping & Partial 42

43. ISA Relationship: Keys & Multiplicity Key of sub-entities is inherited from the super-entities Multiplicity is 1:1 43 person_id is the primary key

44. More Elements in ER Model Key Constraints Cardinality Constraints Weak Entities Subclass Entities (ISA Relationships) Principles for Good Design 44

45. Summary of Symbols used in ERD 45

46. 46 Coming up with a good design for your application No single right design, there can be many… Put clear, reasonable assumptions and make a design that captures the assumptions Without stating the assumptions, others can claim your design is wrong !!! It is like art, common sense and experience make a difference

47. 47 Guidelines Toward a Good Design (I) Convey “real” application requirements Utilize meaningful names Try simpler construct first Avoid redundancy, do not store the same data in multiple places Be as precise as possible (E.g., cardinality constraints) Don’t over specify (limits input)

48. 48 Guidelines Toward a Good Design (II) Do not overuse non-binary relationships They are harder to understand and interpret Do not create entity sets with single attributes They may be better as attributes of other entity sets Do not overuse ISA relationships There are always some commonalities between things  this does not mean they should inherit from common ancestor

49. Guidelines Toward a Good Design (III) Choose meaningful relationships Know when to add attributes to entity sets vs. relationships Some business constraints will not be captured in the design E.g., For a customer to get a load, the sum of the previous loans to him/her must be < MaxLoan 49

50. 50 Summary of Entity- Relationship Model Concepts Entity, Entity Sets, Weak Entity Sets Relationships Types binary, ternary, multi-way, recursive, weak, ISA Attributes For entity sets or relationship types Simple, composite, derived, multi-valued Constraints – key, cardinality Guidelines for Good Design