1. Microbiology 205 Gary W. Childers Biology BLD 238 (old Building) Ph. 985 549 3503 gchilders@selu.edu Introduction to Microbiology

2. What is Microbiology? What are they? How we classify Microorganisms What do they do? Importance to earth, ecology, and humans Where do they do it? Niche / environment / tolerances How we study Microorganisms Tools and techniques to study microbiology

3. Bacteria Archaea Algae Protozoa Fungi Viruses Prokaryotes Eukaryotes ? Protista Definition of Microbiology Study of microorganisms and their interactions

4. Tree of Life Tree of life consists of 3 Domains 2 of the 3 are exclusively microorganisms 1 (Eucarya) is both micro and macroscopic

5. Tree of Life based on comparison of Ribosomal nucleotide sequences

6. Figure 1.4 Diagram of Stanley Miller’s apparatus

7. 500 ml water (Ocean) Gases (CH4, NH4, H2) ATM Condenser (rain) 60,000 volt spark (Lightning) Continuous recycling Tarry liquid AA, acetate, formate

8. Comparison of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes: Feature:ProkaryotesEukaryotes SizeSmall (0.5-1.0µM)Large (5-20 µM) OrganellesNOYes DNACircular/haploidLinear/diploid Ribosomes70S 50S 30S80S 60S 40S (RNA)5S 23S 16S5.5S 5S & 28S 18S Morphologysingle cellsingle/multicellular Cell WallYesyes/no FlagellaYes/no-one fibrilyes/no- 9+2 centrioles Cell Membrane bilayer/monlayerbilayer ester/etheresterFA/glycerol

9. Prokaryote vs Eukaryote

10. Contrast Bacteria Archaea Morphology rods/cocci/spirals/filaments SizeµM 0.5-5 µM 0.5-5 Cell wallPeptidoglycanNo PTG Ribosomes70s70s PolymeraseProkaryotesEukaryotes ReproductionBinary fissionBinary Fission FeedingSaprotrophicallySaprotrophically

11. Classification of Microorganisms By Nutrition Chemotrophs Acquire Energy (E) from Chemical Compounds Chemoheterotrophs E for organic Compounds (Glucose) Carbon (C) for synthesis from organic Compounds Chemoautotrophs (chemolithotrophs E from inorganic compounds (Hydrogen) C for synthesis from Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Phototrophs: Acquire E from sunlight Photoheterotrophs E from Sunlight C for synthesis from organic substrates Photoautotrophs (Photolithotrophs) E from sunlight C for synthesis from CO2

13. Hallmarks of Bacteria Small size Single celled Asexual reproduction Unrestricted growth Metabolic diversity

14. Common morphologies of microorganisms

15. Size of microorganisms

17. 100 microns ~ 100 E.coli lined up end to end

18. 100 microns ~ 100 E.coli lined up end to end

19. Large surface area facilitates transport of nutrients

20. Microbes are efficient “machines”

21. What do microorganisms do? What are their role in the Biosphere 1.Disease- 5% of described microorganisms 2.Biogeochemical Reactions-Nutrient cycles C, N, S 3.Symbionts Plants Rhizophere/bacteria Mycorrhizae/fungi Animals bacteria/archaea Ruminants (ex: cow) and ruminant microorganisms (ex: Fibrobacter) also: termites/spirochetes, humans/gut bacteria 4. Food/Agriculture Nitrogen fixing bacteria (Rhizobium spp., Azotobacter spp., Nostoc spp.) Dairy/Bread/Alcohol/Solvents (fermenters, yeast, lactic acid bacteria, clostridium) (Glucose  acetic acid, lactic acid, citric acid, ethanol, carbon dioxide) 5. Sewage treatment 100% 6. Research Biotechnology (large scale bioreactors, acid mining, biofuels) Recombinant DNA (cloning, drug discovery) Bioremediation (oil spill remediation, explosives degradation)

22. Symbiosis ex: Photobacterium spp.

23. +VFA’s

25. Unique Metabolic Diversity 1. Fix atmospheric nitrogen 2. Synthesize Vitamin B 12 3. Use inorganic energy sources: NH 4,H 2 S, H 2, Fe +2, SO 4, S° 4. Photosynthesize without chlorophyll/bacterial rhodopsin 5. Utilize inorganic and organic Terminal Electron Acceptors as an alternate to Oxygen CO 2, NO 3, SO 4,Mn +4, Fe +3, Fumarate, humic acids 6. Extensive capacity for Anaerobic growth 7. Use H 2 S, H 2 or organic compounds as electron donors for photosynthesis 8. Growth at high temperatures/salt/pressure

26. Where Microorganism do it 1. Micro site / Niche: Place of Business / Their profession Environmental Tolerances Range of Activity Cardinal Points Minimum/Optimum/Maximum Substrate Limitations Range of Substrates Affinity Growth Rate

27. Terms used to describe microbial niche, or environment 1.Tolerant/Facultative/Obligate 2.pH : Acidophile/neutrophile/Basophile 3.Oxygen: Aerobic/Anaerobic/facultative 4.Temperature: Psychrophile/Mesophile/Thermophile 5.Osmotic: Halophile/Osmophilic/ Xerophile 6.Substrate: Oleogotrophic/Capiotrophic

28. How Do We Study Microorganisms? 1.Parameters Growth Rate (GT, µ) Enumerations Measure Substrate Disappearance/Product Formation) 2. Scientific Method Controls variables Optimum Conditions 3. Equipment Molecular Techniques Microscopes Gas Chromatographs

29. How do we study Microorganism? Substrate + oxidant--  Product + Cells + Waste Electron Donor (ED) + Terminal Electron Acceptor (TEA)-  (reduced)(oxidized) oxidized product + REDUCED oxidant + CELLS + ATP Heterotrophic aerobic respiration: C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + release of energy (glucose) Fire: CH 4 + O 2  H 2 O + CO 2 + release of energy