1. The Nation Expands

2. Cherokee People  Cherokee – Indian tribe that help Jackson at Battle of Horseshoe Bend  Adapted to white way of life – owned land, slaves, and farmed  Sequoyah – Most well known Cherokee leader, responsible for creating a Cherokee Alphabet – published a Cherokee newspaper  Gold will be found in Cherokee Nation – tensions will soon rise between US and Cherokee

3. Cherokee Indian Picture

4. Indian Removal Act - 1830  Congress passes a law giving the government the authority to remove the Cherokee and other tribes from the Southeast (Gold!)  The Cherokee will appeal to the courts, hoping to save their homelands *Video 24*

5. Worchester v. Georgia  What? – Cherokee Indians appealed to court for help in keeping their homes in the Southeast  Issue? – Whether or not the US Government had the right to remove a group of people from their homes.  Ruling? – Court ruled that the Cherokee had the right to remain on their land  Andrew Jackson however refused to obey and still sent troops to remove the Cherokee  Trail of Tears – 800 mile march of Cherokee from Southeast to Oklahoma

6. Trail of Tears Picture

7. Tensions with Britain  1840’s – Tensions break between the United States and Britain at the border of Canada (British territory)  Webster-Asheburton Treaty – US Secretary of State Daniel Webster & British Ambassador Lord Asheburton signed treaty that specified the US- Canada border

8. Webster-Asheburton Map

9. Lewis and Clark  Merriwether Lewis & William Clark – appointed by Thomas Jefferson (1803) to find a water route to the Pacific Ocean  Lewis and Clark Expedition – May 1804 – September 1806  Explored all the way to Pacific Coast and back…many people believed they had died along the way  Their information about the western territories increased westward expansion  Oregon Trail – pathway traveled by settlers from Missouri to Pacific Northwest

10. Lewis and Clark Picture

11. Oregon Trail Map http://www.virtualapple.org/oregontraildisk.html

12. Missouri Compromise As the nation expanded, slavery rose to the forefront of controversial issues regarding expansion  1819 – Missouri wanted to enter the union  Debate rose in Congress over whether it would be slave or free (States were equal at the time)  Missouri Compromise – Missouri would enter as a slave state (Maine as a free state), Southern border of Missouri (36-30 line) would cut country in half  States above would enter as free, states below would enter as slave

13. Missouri Compromise Map

14. The State of Texas  1821 – Mexico gains independence from Spain  Stephen Austin – leads US settlers into Texas – which is part of Mexico now  General Antonia Santa Anna – seizes power of Mexico in 1834 – tightens his grip on US settlers  Sam Houston – leads Texan settlers in declaring Texas a free and independent territory  The Alamo – Texan settlers make last stand against Santa Anna’s forces – all Texans die (Davey Crocket) *Video 13*  Texans defeat Santa Anna eventually and Texas becomes a free state

15. Alamo Picture

16. 1844  Texas seeks to be annexed by US – President Andrew Jackson favors but is met with opposition – Why? Think Missouri Compromise  Election of 1844 – Annexation of Texas was top issue  James K. Polk – wins election, first “dark horse” to do so  Campaigned with the promise to annex Texas and Oregon

17. James Polk Picture

18.  The Convention of 1818 had formed an agreement between US and Britain to occupy Oregon jointly  Polk had promised Oregon to the people and threatened the British with the slogan “54-40, or fight” – Meaning Britain should move north of the 54-40 parallel and out of Oregon  Britain, not wanting a fight, accepts the deal and Oregon becomes a state (49 th parallel agreed to)

19. Oregon Map

20. War With Mexico  Manifest Destiny – idea that it is God’s will for the US to expand and possess territory from Ocean to Ocean  Therefore, US annexes Texas – Mexico views this as an act of aggression  General Zachary Taylor – sent into Texas  When negotiations broke over the purchase of California and New Mexico, President Polk ordered Taylor into the disputed territory  Taylor attacked by Mexican soldiers

21. End of War  Polk pleaded to congress that “Mexicans had shed American blood on American soil.”  Congress declares was on May 13 th, 1846  Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo – After 2 years of fighting, treaty signed in 1848 that ended the Mexican-American War *Video 14*  Treaty included the Mexican cession – giving up of California and New Mexico territories in exchange for financial compensation

22. The Wilmot Proviso  Slavery continued to be an issue of debate amongst the colonies  How has this been seen as evident already?  Pennsylvania congressman David Wilmot put forth the Wilmot Proviso  Proposed banning slavery from ANY land gained from Mexico  How did the nation vote? North? South?

23. Wilmot Proviso Map

24. Cali-Forn-Ia  1848 – Gold discovered in Sacremento, CA  1849 – California Gold Rush – gold seekers from across the country moved to California in search of gold and riches *Video 15*  Became known as 49ers – why?  Compromise of 1850 1. California entered as a free state 2. New Mexico (Arizona/Nevada) – not denoted as slave or free 3. Slave trade ended in DC – but not slavery itself 4. Fugitive Slave Laws – Law for citizens to return escaped slaves

25. Compromise of 1850

26. Gold Rush Picture