1. 1. Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and ______. A. OxygenB. Phosphorus C. ArgonD. Nitrogen 2. Which organic molecule is used for transport and repair in the body? A. LipidsB. Proteins C. CarbohydratesD. Nucleic acids

2.  Warm-up  Notes  Organic Molecules Review  Video / Demo  Pepsin/Trypsin WS  Vocab  Clean-up  Cool-down Quiz on Organic Molecules & Enzymes Thursday!!

3. Guided Notes 6

4.  Chemical reactions always involve the breaking of bonds in reactants and the formation of new bonds in products  Reactants  Products

5.  Activation energy  the energy needed to get the reaction started

6. Enzymes- Proteins that act as biological catalysts to speed up chemical reactions  Identify many enzymes by the suffix –ase :  helicase (unzips DNA)  lactase (breaks down lactose)  peptidyl transferase (forms peptide bonds in polypeptides)

7.  Enzymes speed up reactions Question: How do enzymes speed up reactions? Answer: They lower activation energy, making it easier for the chemical reaction to occur

8.  Enzymes are not used up in reactions Reactants + enzyme  Products + enzyme  Enzymes are very specific-they usually only work on one reaction

9.  Substrate-the material that the enzyme works on  Active site-The special fold in the enzyme where the reaction happens

10.  Enzymes bind substrates (enzyme reactant) into active sites (pocket or groove on enzyme).  While the enzyme and the substrate are joined, the enzyme catalyzes the reaction and converts the substrate to the product(s).

11. Catalyze chemical reactions: make them faster enzyme cofactor substrate chemical reaction

12.  Competitive Inhibition-When something besides the substrate blocks the active site

13.  Inhibitors— reduce the productivity of enzymes as seen to the right with herbicides.  The body uses enzymes to control metabolic pathways.

14.  Non-competitive inhibition-When a molecule binds to another spot on the enzyme causing it to change shape and become inactive

16.  The most classic example an enzymatic reaction is the hydrolysis of sucrose (table sugar) into glucose and fructose.

17.  Another look…

18. 1. Temperature 2. pH 3. Enzyme Concentration 4. Substrate Concentration

19.  Rate of Enzyme Activity is influenced by:  Substrate concentration (more substrate = more activity until saturation)  Temperature (higher temperature = more activity until the enzyme’s protein denatures)

20.  Rate of Enzyme Activity is influenced by:  pH (usually in range of 6-8 for humans)  Inhibitors (reduce activity by binding or changing shape of active sites) Alkaline Intestine Acidic Stomach

21.  Enzymes work quickly—about 1000 substrates are taken in and converted every second.

22.  Enzyme Video

23.  Review

24.  What type of organic molecule are enzymes?

25.  proteins

26.  How do enzymes speed up reactions?

27.  Lower activation energy

28.  The material that the enzyme works on is called the…

29.  substrate

30.  The location of the reaction on the enzyme is called the…

31.  Activation site

32.  What four factors affect enzymes?

33.  Temperature  Ph  Amount of enzyme  Amount of substrate

34. 1. Use a permanent marker to write your name on your bag. 2. Word on blank side- definition on the lined side. 3. Define the following words: 1.Acid 2.Base 3.Buffer 4.Carbohydrate 5.Lipid 6.Nucleic acid 7.Protein 8.Monomer 9.Enzyme 10.Substrate 11.Active Site

35.  Divide your paper into 4.  In each square, draw/write 1. Name: (Lipid, protein, nucleic acid, and carbohydrate) 2. Monomer: 3. Function/Job: 4. 2 examples: 5. Picture: 6. Any extra info from your notes/book  Ch 2, pg 34-37 in your textbook for extra info.

36.  On your notecard, answer the following questions without using your notes. 1. Name at least 2 factors that affect enzymes. 2. What do enzymes do for the body? (ie. why do we need them?)