1. CHAPTER 7 THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: Causes and Effects

2. Causes of Industrialization in Great Britain New technology in farming causes food surplus New technology in farming causes food surplus Enclosure movement causes many small farmers to lose their land and move to cities Enclosure movement causes many small farmers to lose their land and move to cities Great Britain has colonies around the world which serve as sources of raw materials and as markets for goods

3. Industrialization in Britain (cont) and the rest of Europe Britain also has a strong government that is able to support businesses Britain also has a strong government that is able to support businesses Their strong navy protects their business Their strong navy protects their business Britain, unlike other countries in Europe, does not have to fight wars on their land in early 19 th century Britain, unlike other countries in Europe, does not have to fight wars on their land in early 19 th century Germany will become an industrial power but they are not yet a unified country (this happens in 1870) Germany will become an industrial power but they are not yet a unified country (this happens in 1870)

4. The Working class protests and fights back The Luddites- skilled cottage workers protesting against the loss of their jobs to the factory system The Luddites- skilled cottage workers protesting against the loss of their jobs to the factory system Labor unions- workers unite to protect their interests- opposed by British Parliament at first but eventually they legalize labor unions Labor unions- workers unite to protect their interests- opposed by British Parliament at first but eventually they legalize labor unions

5. Negative Human Effects Low wages- threat of a permanent underclass who had no hope of advancement Low wages- threat of a permanent underclass who had no hope of advancement Poor working conditions Poor working conditions Child labor and exploitation Child labor and exploitation Overcrowded, unsafe cities Overcrowded, unsafe cities Cottage workers can no longer compete- their prices are undercut Cottage workers can no longer compete- their prices are undercut

6. Early Response of Government Government at first is laissez-faire. This means they don’t think that government should get involved in affairs of business Government at first is laissez-faire. This means they don’t think that government should get involved in affairs of business Their slow reaction to problems of industrialization leads to new ideas of how to deal with the issue Their slow reaction to problems of industrialization leads to new ideas of how to deal with the issue Alternatives to laissez faire economics are socialism and communism Alternatives to laissez faire economics are socialism and communism

7. Socialist Solutions Robert Owen tries to create utopian socialist community called New Harmony Robert Owen tries to create utopian socialist community called New Harmony Resources would be owned in common by all residents- better working conditions for all workers Resources would be owned in common by all residents- better working conditions for all workers Communities all eventually failed-(maybe because people are motivated by competition and self interest) Communities all eventually failed-(maybe because people are motivated by competition and self interest)

8. Marx and Communism Said it was inevitable that Communist revolts would occur Said it was inevitable that Communist revolts would occur Poor workers and middle class who were pushed into lower class by rich capitalists would eventually combine and overthrow the economic and political structure Poor workers and middle class who were pushed into lower class by rich capitalists would eventually combine and overthrow the economic and political structure Result- a government run by the worker- a society run by working class based on equal distribution of wealth Result- a government run by the worker- a society run by working class based on equal distribution of wealth

9. Reasons Why Marx’s Predictions of workers revolution did not come true: Middle Class remained large and powerful even during industrialization Middle Class remained large and powerful even during industrialization Governments made reforms to protect workers (minimum wage, worker safety, etc) and workers look to government for change Governments made reforms to protect workers (minimum wage, worker safety, etc) and workers look to government for change Other bonds between people are more powerful than economic bonds- racial, ethnic, nationalistic Other bonds between people are more powerful than economic bonds- racial, ethnic, nationalistic

10. Government Reforms Extension of voting rights- Reform Bill of 1867, 1884- all men gain right to vote Extension of voting rights- Reform Bill of 1867, 1884- all men gain right to vote Factory Act- sets up the idea that the state can act to protect workers Factory Act- sets up the idea that the state can act to protect workers Social Service reforms passed by Parliament to provide help for the poor, injured workers, unemployed Social Service reforms passed by Parliament to provide help for the poor, injured workers, unemployed

11. Changes in Society Standard of living improves Standard of living improves Middle class/upper class women begin to exist in “separate sphere” – they become homemakers/ moral guardians of family Middle class/upper class women begin to exist in “separate sphere” – they become homemakers/ moral guardians of family New middle class of managers, engineers, accountants begins to rise up, they also have leisure time and money to spend New middle class of managers, engineers, accountants begins to rise up, they also have leisure time and money to spend

12. Effects Among Nations Industrialization leads to power Industrialization leads to power Economic power- they can produce goods faster and cheaper, so they dominate business Economic power- they can produce goods faster and cheaper, so they dominate business Industrial power also leads to military power Industrial power also leads to military power Long term problem- competition between powers Long term problem- competition between powers