1. Notes 10

2. The First Civilizations in Mesopotamia First developed about 3000 B.C. As early civilizations developed, people formed social classes. The people of these civilizations also developed systems of values and beliefs that gave meaning to their lives,

3. The Two Rivers Mesopotamia, the earliest known civilizations, developed in what is now southern Iraq. Mesopotamia means “the land between rivers” in Greek.

4. Early Valley Dwellers Historians believe that people first settled Mesopotamia about 7000 B.C. The first settlers were hunters and gathers.

5. Taming the Rivers Early Mesopotamian farmers used water from the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers to water their fields. Little or no rain fell during the summer. During the spring harvest, rains caused rivers to overflow their banks. Over time, people in Mesopotamia learned to build dams to control the seasonal floods.

6. Sumer’s Civilization Known as Sumerians. Sumer’s cities were surrounded by mudflats and patches of scorching desert. The harsh landscape made it hard to travel by land and communicate with other groups. Sumerian cities eventually became independent.

7. Gods, Priests, and Kings The Sumerian people worshipped many gods. These multiple gods played different roles in Sumerian life. They believed the gods had control over nature, such as the rain, or the wind. Although Sumerians honored all the gods, each city state claimed one as its own.

8. Social Groups Sumerians were divided into social classes. Upper class- priests, warriors, and government officials. Middle class- largest social class- merchants, farmers, fishers, and artisans. Lower class- enslaved people.