1. Foundations of Civilization K. Roberts

2. Understanding Our Past Two ways to classify our past 1.B.C. and A.D. 2.B.C.E. and C.E. Invention of writing marked the beginning of recorded history. Time before writing = prehistory

3. How do we know what happened? Anthropology Study of humans and their culture Archaeology study of humans and their culture through artifacts

4. First Humans Discovered in East Africa (Ethiopia) were tools and a complete skeleton (“Lucy”) Different classifications of hominids (humans) 1.Australopithecines 2.Homo habilis 3.Homo erectus 4.Homo sapiens

5. Populating the World Scientists believe that Homo sapiens migrated around the world “Out-of-Africa” theory Homo sapiens spread all over the world, while Neanderthals lived mostly in Europe

6. Paleolithic Age Greek for Old (Paleo) Stone (lithic) Age People primarily used very fragile stone tools People were considered nomads Communities of people who travel from place to place in search of food (i.e. hunter- gatherers) Creation of fire

9. Neolithic Age Greek for New (Neo) Stone (lithic) Age Periodic transformation from nomadic life to living in homes No need to roam lands for food Domestication → taming animals and growing plants Cities started to emerge Jericho Çatalhüyük Many things changed: work became divided, men became dominant, new technologies

10. Jericho

11. Çatalhüyük

12. Beginning of Civilizations Certain characteristics are required to be considered a civilization 1.Government 2.Religion 3.Job Specialization 4.Social Classes 5.Art/Architecture 6.Public Works 7.Writing