1. Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources Chapter 2

2. Theme Outline Lesson 2.4 Solid Waste ManagementSolid Waste Management Municipal Solid WasteMunicipal Solid Waste Reduce, Reuse, RecycleReduce, Reuse, Recycle

3. PA Academic Standards for Environment & Ecology  Standard 4.2.10.D Explain different management alternatives involved in recycling and solid waste management.Explain different management alternatives involved in recycling and solid waste management. Analyze the manufacturing process (before, during and after) with consideration for resource recovery. Analyze the manufacturing process (before, during and after) with consideration for resource recovery. Compare various methods dealing with solid waste (e.g., incineration, compost, land application). Compare various methods dealing with solid waste (e.g., incineration, compost, land application). Differentiate between pre/post-consumer and raw materials. Differentiate between pre/post-consumer and raw materials. Illustrate how one natural resource can be managed through reduction, recycling, reuse or use. Illustrate how one natural resource can be managed through reduction, recycling, reuse or use.

4. Learning Objectives Students will compare various methods dealing with solid waste, including incineration, composting, and the use of landfills.Students will compare various methods dealing with solid waste, including incineration, composting, and the use of landfills. Students will analyze several manufacturing processes with consideration for resource recovery.Students will analyze several manufacturing processes with consideration for resource recovery. Students will learn how aluminum and other resources are managed through reduction, recycling, refuse, or use.Students will learn how aluminum and other resources are managed through reduction, recycling, refuse, or use. Students will differentiate between pre/post-consumer and raw materials.Students will differentiate between pre/post-consumer and raw materials.

5. Solid Waste Management Natural resources harvested from the Earth are typically processed.Natural resources harvested from the Earth are typically processed. This processing generates waste products that can either beThis processing generates waste products that can either be Released into the environment Released into the environment Recovered and sold Recovered and sold Recycled within a manufacturing process Recycled within a manufacturing process Taken to landfills or other waste management facilities for disposal. Taken to landfills or other waste management facilities for disposal.

6. Natural Resources… What are the two types of natural resources? What are the two types of natural resources? Renewable Food and Fiber SoilWind The Sun Water Biomass Fuels Geothermal Energy Non-RenewableOres Rocks as Resources Fossil Fuels

7. Municipal Solid Waste Definition : waste that consists of paper, yard waste, food,Definition : waste that consists of paper, yard waste, food, and plastics and plastics

8. How is municipal waste handled? Composting Composting Combustion Combustion Landfills Landfills Source Reduction Source Reduction Recycling Recycling

9. How is municipal waste handled? Composting Composting Combustion Combustion Landfills Landfills Source Reduction Source Reduction Recycling Recycling

10. Composting Definition : biological method of waste disposal in which worms, bacteria, fungi, and other organisms decompose piles of fruit and vegetable food scraps, wood, and lawn clippingsDefinition : biological method of waste disposal in which worms, bacteria, fungi, and other organisms decompose piles of fruit and vegetable food scraps, wood, and lawn clippings

11. The pros… Removes materials from the waste streamRemoves materials from the waste stream Processed product can be used for erosion controlProcessed product can be used for erosion control Provides nutrients to the topsoilProvides nutrients to the topsoil InexpensiveInexpensive Free fertilizerFree fertilizer

12. The cons… Time consumingTime consuming Time intensiveTime intensive

13. How is municipal waste handled? Composting Composting Combustion Combustion Landfills Landfills Source Reduction Source Reduction Recycling Recycling

14. Combustion Definition : process of waste disposal by which waste material is burnedDefinition : process of waste disposal by which waste material is burned

16. The pros… Reduces volume by 90%Reduces volume by 90% Reduces mass by 75%Reduces mass by 75% Conservation of mass still applies, thus the mass that is reduced is actually redistributed Conservation of mass still applies, thus the mass that is reduced is actually redistributed Destroys bacteriaDestroys bacteria Waste to energy facility (W-T-E)Waste to energy facility (W-T-E) The cons… Air pollutions Air pollutions Disposal of excess waste in landfills Disposal of excess waste in landfills

17. How is municipal waste handled? Composting Composting Combustion Combustion Landfills Landfills Source Reduction Source Reduction Recycling Recycling

18. Landfills Definition : regulated area where wastes are placed in the landDefinition : regulated area where wastes are placed in the land

20. Landfill Volumes

21. How are landfills constructed? 1.Select a location Pits and quarries…. Why? Pits and quarries…. Why? 2.Liner installed. 3.Layer of clay deposited. Why clay? Why clay? 4.Ready to accept trash. 5. Trucks are weighed, waste deposited, trash compacted by heavy machinery, trucks weighed again. 6. Daily cover Why? 7. Trash, dirt, trash, dirt… 8. Cap or seal installed to contain waste.

22. Leachate Definition: waste material (liquid) that collects in the bottom layers of landfills as waste material decomposesDefinition: waste material (liquid) that collects in the bottom layers of landfills as waste material decomposes

23. Landfill Gas (LFG) Definition : waste material (gas) that collects at the top of landfills as waste material decomposes producing gases such as methaneDefinition : waste material (gas) that collects at the top of landfills as waste material decomposes producing gases such as methane What’s the problem with these gases? Methane contributes to… Methane contributes to… Local smog Local smog Air pollution Air pollution Depletion of the Ozone layer Depletion of the Ozone layer

24. So what’s the solution? Gases can be burned using a flare. Gases can be burned using a flare. Gases can be processed, converted to fuel, and sold to supply energy. Gases can be processed, converted to fuel, and sold to supply energy.

25. Modern approach to LFG production? SELL IT!!!

26. Landfills in Pennsylvania

27. Landfills in perspective The number of landfills in the United States has decreased sharply in the past decade for various reasons.The number of landfills in the United States has decreased sharply in the past decade for various reasons. What do you think are those reasons?What do you think are those reasons? Landfills have closed because… Posed environmental concerns.Posed environmental concerns. Leakage of leachate.Leakage of leachate. Improperly handled hazardous waste.Improperly handled hazardous waste. Have reached their capacity.Have reached their capacity.

28. Pennsylvania and it’s trash… Pennsylvanian’s recycle about ¼ of their MSW.Pennsylvanian’s recycle about ¼ of their MSW. Pennsylvania’s deposit about 3 million tons of MSW in landfills yearly.Pennsylvania’s deposit about 3 million tons of MSW in landfills yearly. So what happens with all the extra landfill space?So what happens with all the extra landfill space?

29. ImportersTonsExportersTons Pennsylvania9,764,000New York5,600,000 Virginia 3,891,000 New Jersey 1,800,000 Michigan 3,124,000Missouri 1,793,000 Illinois 1,548,000Maryland 1,547,000 Indiana 1,531,000Massachusetts 1,218,000 One time you might not want to be #1...

30. Ten years down the road…

31. Trends in Solid Waste

32. How is municipal waste handled? Composting Composting Combustion Combustion Landfills Landfills Source Reduction Source Reduction Recycling Recycling

33. Source Reduction Definition : alteration of the design, manufacture, or use of materials to reduce the amount of toxicity of the waste generatedDefinition : alteration of the design, manufacture, or use of materials to reduce the amount of toxicity of the waste generated Source reduction, generally speaking, means reducing the amount of solid waste which enters the waste stream. It means that waste is prevented before it is created by using materials more efficiently, using reusable products and extending life of products. In other words, source reduction can be achieved by reducing the total volume of disposable packaging material generated for domestic, commercial, industrial and governmental use by: reducing the disposal impact of packaging waste by changing to more environmentally benign packaging material increasing the recyclablility of packaging products that cannot be reduced increasing the recycled material content of packaging products.

34. Source reduction example… http://www.cleaning101.com/environment/source_reduction.cfm

35. Recycling Definition : series of activities that reuse a product’s raw materials to manufacture new productsDefinition : series of activities that reuse a product’s raw materials to manufacture new products

36. These symbols are used to mark recyclable materials as “recyclables.”These symbols are used to mark recyclable materials as “recyclables.” The different symbols represent the materials from which the current product was made.The different symbols represent the materials from which the current product was made. Example: HDPE stands for high-density polyethylene. Example: HDPE stands for high-density polyethylene.

38. Aluminum Recycling facts… Some 119,482 cans are recycled every minute nationwide. Some 119,482 cans are recycled every minute nationwide. Used aluminum cans are recycled and returned to store shelves as new cans in as few as 60 days. Used aluminum cans are recycled and returned to store shelves as new cans in as few as 60 days. Recycling saves 95 percent of the energy required to make aluminum cans from virgin ore. In 1995, aluminum companies saved the equivalent of over 20.6 million barrels of oil -- or 12.3 billion kilowatt hours by recycling. This represents enough energy to supply the electrical needs of a city the size of Pittsburgh for about six years. Recycling saves 95 percent of the energy required to make aluminum cans from virgin ore. In 1995, aluminum companies saved the equivalent of over 20.6 million barrels of oil -- or 12.3 billion kilowatt hours by recycling. This represents enough energy to supply the electrical needs of a city the size of Pittsburgh for about six years.

39. Incomplete Cycle Definition: process by which materials (wastes) do not complete a full cycle in the waste recovery system and are disposedDefinition: process by which materials (wastes) do not complete a full cycle in the waste recovery system and are disposed

40. Closed-Loop Cycle Definition: process by which materials (wastes) complete a full cycle in the waste recovery system and are partially reused and recycledDefinition: process by which materials (wastes) complete a full cycle in the waste recovery system and are partially reused and recycled

41. What happens to recyclables? Recyclables have a series of different paths they can take, once entering the recycling stream.Recyclables have a series of different paths they can take, once entering the recycling stream. Rubber Mats Playground Pads Fuel Sources Plastics Packaging Lawn furniture Videotape cassettes Insulation Metals Metals Melted, Sorted & Recast PaperPaper Reduced to pulp Reprocessed

42. What are some interesting statistics about recycling? Hotels will create 1.5 pounds of solid waste per day per room Each person produces 3.5 pounds of solid waste per day There are 6 two liter bottles in one pound of PET One three foot stack of newspapers is equal to one tree, approximately 30 feet tall One three foot stack of newspaper weighs 100 pounds To make one ton of virgin paper uses 17 trees (3 2/3 acres of forest) 62,860 trees must be cut to provide pulp for a single edition of the Sunday New York Times. Recycling one aluminum can saves the energy equivalent to one cup of gasoline. A steel mill can reduce its water pollution 76% and mining wastes 97% using scrap metal, such as steel cans, instead of iron ore. In the summer, nearly one third of all summer waste handled by garbage haulers consists of grass clippings. In the fall, leaves comprise as much as half of all waste generated by residents. One dollar out of every $11 spent on groceries goes to pay for packaging 32% of all municipal waste is from packaging. Americans are the world’s trashiest people. US citizens consume more goods per capita than any other nation in the world. Each year we throw away: enough aluminum to rebuild the entire American Airlines air fleet 71 times. enough steel to reconstruct Manhattan enough wood and paper to heat 5 million homes of 200 years. one third of all of the food we buy