2. Essential Question: Champion of the “Common Man”? “King” Andrew? OR

3. Alexis de Tocqueville French political leader and historianFrench political leader and historian 1831--mission to examine prisons and penitentiaries in America1831--mission to examine prisons and penitentiaries in America traveled widely in America and took extensive notes about his observations and reflections.traveled widely in America and took extensive notes about his observations and reflections. Democracy in AmericaDemocracy in America

5. Voting Requirements in the Early 19c

6. Voter Turnout: 1820 - 1860

7. Campaigning “ on the Stump ”

8. Why Increased Democratization? 3 White male suffrage increased 3 Party nominating committees. 3 Voters chose their state’s slate of Presidential electors. 3 Rise of Third Parties. 3 Popular campaigning (parades, rallies, floats, etc.) 3 Two-party system returned in the 1832 election:  Dem-Reps  Natl. Reps.(1828)  Whigs (1832)  Republicans (1854)  Democrats (1828)

9. Second Great Awakening Second Great Awakening Between 1800 and 1840  Second Great AwakeningBetween 1800 and 1840  Second Great Awakening –Led by Baptists and Methodists –supported democracy –Evangelical Christianity appealed strongly to women and African Americans but race and gender limited access to positions of power. –Abolition Movement –Temperance Movement

11. Abolition Movement

12. Temperance Movement Temperance Movement

14. Jackson ’ s First Hermitage Residence Self-made man Frontier lawyer and planter in Tennessee Hero of the Battle of New Orleans Lost the presidential election of 1824

15. Results of the 1824 Election A “ Corrupt Bargain? ”

17. Opposition to John Quincy Adams 3 Some believed he allowed too much political control to be held by elites. 3 Some objected to his support of national economic development on constitutional grounds.  Adams believed a strong, active central government was necessary.  A national university.  An astronomical observatory.  A naval academy. 3 Many Americans saw Adams’ vision of a might nation led by a strong president as a threat to individual liberties.

20. Tariff Battles 3 Tariff of 1816  on imports of cheap textiles. 3 Tariff of 1824  on iron goods and more expensive woolen and cotton imports. 3 Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Abominations)  higher tariffs on imported raw materials [like wool & hemp].  Supported by Jacksonians to gain votes from farmers in NY, OH, KY.  The South alone was adamantly against it.  As producers of the world’s cheapest cotton, it did not need a protective tariff.  They were negatively impacted  American textiles and iron goods [or the taxed English goods] were more expensive!

21. Votes in the House for the “ Tariff of Abomination ”

22. The 1828 Election 3 Jackson’s campaign was engineered by Senator Martin Van Buren of NY  He wanted to recreate the old Jeffersonian coalition of:  Northern farmers and artisans.  Southern slave owners.  Farmers with small land holdings.  He created the Democratic Party from the remains of Jefferson’s old party:  Created a national committee that oversaw local and state party units.  Mass meetings, parades, picnics.  A lot of political mudslinging on both sides.

23. 1828 Election Results

24. The Center of Population in the Country Moves WEST

25. The New “ Jackson Coalition ” 3 The Planter Elite in the South 3 People on the Frontier 3 Artisans [competition from factory labor]. 3 State Politicians  spoils system  To the victor belong the spoils of the enemy! [William Marcy of NY] 3 Immigrants in the cities.

26. Jackson as Satan Dangles the Spoils of Victory over his Supporters

27. Jackson ’ s Faith in the “ Common Man ” 3I3I3I3Intense distrust of Eastern “establishment,” monopolies, & special privilege. 3H3H3H3His heart & soul was with the “plain folk.” 3B3B3B3Belief that the common man was capable of uncommon achievements.

29. 1832 Tariff Conflict 3 1832 --> new tariff introduced to lower duties from 45% to 35% 3 South Carolina’s reaction  rejected Tariff of 1832 3 Jackson’s response  dispatched troops to SC to enforce Tariff…could lead to a civil war 3 Henry Clay’s “Compromise” Tariff  Tariff would be reduced by 10% over eight years… duties of 20-25% 3 Aftermath  victory for both sides since neither side really triumphed…stepping stone to Civil War

31. Indian Removal 3 Jackson’s Goal? 3 1830  Indian Removal Act 3 Cherokee Nation v. GA (1831) * “domestic dependent nation” 3 Worcester v. GA (1832) 3 Jackson: John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it!

32. The Cherokee Nation After 1820

33. Indian Removal

34. The Grand National Caravan Moving West

35. Trail of Tears (1838-1839)

36. Jackson ’ s Professed “ Love ” for Native Americans

38. Jackson ’ s Use of Federal Power Divorce government from the economy Divorce government from the economy Return to Jeffersonian democracy— gov’ts role should be limited Return to Jeffersonian democracy— gov’ts role should be limited Henry Clay (political opponent of Jackson) rammed a recharter bill through Congress and sent it to the White House. Henry Clay (political opponent of Jackson) rammed a recharter bill through Congress and sent it to the White House. Jackson’s in a pickle: Jackson’s in a pickle: If he signed it, it would alienate his western support If he signed it, it would alienate his western support If he vetoed it, he’d If he vetoed it, he’d alienate wealthy and influential of the northeast

39. The “ Monster ” Is Destroyed! 1832  Jackson vetoed the extension of the 2 nd National Bank of the United States. 3 1836  the charter expired. 3 1841  the bank went bankrupt!

40. The Downfall of “ Mother Bank ”

41. An 1832 Cartoon: “ King Andrew ” ? An 1832 Cartoon: “ King Andrew ” ?

42. Positions on the Key Issues of 1832 WHIGSWHIGSDEMOCRATSDEMOCRATS Less concerned about the widening gap between rich and poor. Less concerned about the widening gap between rich and poor. Opposed “liberal capitalism” because they believed it would lead to economic chaos. Opposed “liberal capitalism” because they believed it would lead to economic chaos. Strong national govt. to coordinate the expanding economy was critical. Strong national govt. to coordinate the expanding economy was critical. Opposes Indian removal. Opposes Indian removal. Favored tariffs. Favored tariffs. Supported a National Bank. Supported a National Bank. Felt the widening gap between rich and poor was alarming. Felt the widening gap between rich and poor was alarming. Believed that bankers, merchants, and speculators were “non-producers” who used their govt. connections to line their own pockets. Believed that bankers, merchants, and speculators were “non-producers” who used their govt. connections to line their own pockets. Govt. should have a hands- off approach to the economy to allow the little guy a chance to prosper. Govt. should have a hands- off approach to the economy to allow the little guy a chance to prosper. For Indian removal. For Indian removal. Oppose tariffs. Oppose tariffs. States’ rights. States’ rights. Oppose federal support for internal improvements. Oppose federal support for internal improvements. Opposed the National Bank. Opposed the National Bank.

43. 1832 Election Results

44. The 1836 Election Results Martin Van Buren “Old Kinderhook” [O. K.]

45. The Specie Circular (1836) 3 Speculators created “wildcat banks” that fueled the runaway inflation. 3 So, buy future federal land only with gold or silver.  This move shocked the system. 3 Jackson’s goal  to curb the land speculation.

46. Results of the Specie Circular $Banknotes loose their value. $Land sales plummeted. $Credit not available. $Businesses began to fail. $Unemployment rose. The Panic of 1837! The Panic of 1837!

47. The Panic of 1837 Hits Everyone!

48. The Panic of 1837 Spreads Quickly!

49. Andrew Jackson in Retirement

50. Photo of Andrew Jackson in 1844 (one year before his death) 1767 - 1845