1. Chapter 6 Notes AP Tips

2. Know about classical conditioning and Ivan Pavlov. Classical conditioning: the repeated pairing of an unconditioned stimulus with a neutral stimulus to produce the same behavior. UCS/US : an event that produces an automatic or unlearned response UCR/UR : an automatic or unlearned response that is preceded by a UCS

3. Neutral stimulus (NS) : a stimulus that does not elicit a response prior to learning CS : an original neutral stimulus that has been paired repeatedly with the UCS to produce a conditioned response CR : a response elicited by the conditioned stimulus

4. Pavlov’s experiment What was the UCS? Meat powder What was the UCR? Salivation What was the NS? Bell What was the CS? Bell What was the CR? Salivation

5. Know factors that may influence the conditioning process. Generalization: the tendency for a conditioned response (behavior) to be elicited by similar stimuli Discrimination: the ability to distinguish between the CS and similar stimuli that are not associated with the UCS

6. Second-order conditioning: a new neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with the conditioned stimulus in order to elicit the same conditioned response Extinction: when the conditioned stimuli no longer elicits the conditioned response after repeated presentation of the CS without the UCS Reconditioning: a quick relearning of a previously extinct CS-CR association Spontaneous recovery: the recovery of a previously extinguished response after a passage of time

7. Know about the experiment involving “little Albert” John B. Watson wanted to condition the emotion of fear in a human infant Conditioned 9-month old Albert to cry at the sign of a white rat Used second-order conditioning to generalize fear to white and fluffy stimuli

8. Understand how classical conditioning is used for practical applications. Treating phobias: flooding – continuously exposing an individual to the fear-evoking CS to eliminate the CR (fear) Systematic desensitization – exposing the patient to a series of approximations to the anxiety- producing stimulus under relaxed conditions until the anxiety reaction is extinguished

9. Counterconditioning: pairing fear- evoking stimulus with a pleasant stimulus to reverse the effects of the phobia. Conditioned taste aversion – when exposure to a noxious substance causes sickness and results in the individual associating the food with the sickness, making him or her avoid that food in the future

10. Know about B.F. Skinner and operant conditioning. Punishment: a stimulus that decreases the strength of the exhibited behavior Reinforcer: a stimulus that increases the strength of the exhibited behavior Primary reinforcers: any reinforcing stimuli that satisfy a biological need Secondary reinforcers: any previously neutral stimuli that have gained reinforcement value after being associated with another reinforcer

11. Positive: the addition of a stimulus Negative: the removal of a stimulus Remember that all reinforcers (+ or -) will encourage the repetition of a behavior.

12. Know the four basic types of partial reinforcement schedules. Fixed-ratio: reinforcement is provided after a set number of the correct responses are performed Variable-ratio: reinforcement is provided after a varying number of correct behaviors Fixed-interval: reinforcement is provided for the first desired response after a set amount of time has elapsed Variable-interval: reinforcement is provided after the first desired response after a varying amount of time has elapsed.

13. Understand cognitive learning terms. Learned helplessness: failure to continue exerting effort for an outcome because all previous attempts have failed. Cognitive maps: mental representations people rely on to understand complex patterns. Latent learning: learning that may not be displayed until a later time

14. Know about Albert Bandura and observational learning. Observational learning: acquiring knowledge by watching others perform a task. Bandura: Bobo doll experiment