1. Dr Kafeel Ahmed Strength Resistance to failure

2. Dr Kafeel Ahmed Strength Types 1.Compressive strength 2.Tensile strength 3.Flexural strength 4.Shear strength 5.Torsional strength 6.Bond strength

3. Dr Kafeel Ahmed Strength Compressive strength Ϭ c = P/A P= Load A= Area of x-section It is the resistance to failure, when the applied stress is normal / perpendicular to the area of X-section.

4. Dr Kafeel Ahmed Strength Tensile strength Ϭ t = P/A It is the resistance to failure, when the applied stress is normal / perpendicular to the area of X-section.

5. Dr Kafeel Ahmed Strength Shear strength It is the resistance to failure, when the applied stress is parallel to the area of X-section. www.masterbond.com

6. Dr Kafeel Ahmed Strength Flexural strength Ϭ = My/ I M= Applied moment Y= Distance from NA I= Moment of inertia It is the resistance to failure, when the applied stress is a combination of tensile and compressive stress forming a couple.

7. Dr Kafeel Ahmed Strength Torsional strength It is the resistance to failure, when the applied torque tries to twist the body producing torsional stresses.

8. Bond Strength Bond stress=U : Shear stress at steel concrete interface It is the resistance to failure, when the applied stress tries to pull the steel bar out of the concrete. T=A b f s U=change of bar force/surface area of bar Steel bar concrete

9. Bond Strength Pull out test

10. Dr Kafeel Ahmed Stiffness Resistance to deformation Depends upon Material Area of X-section, Moment of inertia Length This property is dependent upon material behaviour and geometry of the structural element

11. Dr Kafeel Ahmed Stiffness Types 1.Bending/ Flexural stiffness 2.Axial Stiffness Bending stiffness is used for beams etc Axial stiffness for trusses or columns

12. Dr Kafeel Ahmed Stiffness Bending Stiffness Material Moment of inertia Length = K EI/L K= depends upon support conditions

13. Dr Kafeel Ahmed Stiffness Axial Stiffness Material Area of X-section Length = K EA/L K= depends upon end conditions

14. Dr Kafeel Ahmed Elasticity Resistance to deformation Ductility and brittleness Deformation before failure

15. Dr Kafeel Ahmed Hardness Resistance to penetration or wear