1. Journal Aristotle is seeking wisdom. Part of the argument of the Metaphysics is in an attempt to clarify what sort of wisdom Aristotle is seeking. Suffice it to say that Aristotle conceives of this wisdom as a science of substance that is, or is a part of, a science of being. What is important is that this science consists in a causal investigation, that is, a search for the relevant causes. Although the Physics and the Metaphysics belong to two different theoretical enterprises, in both cases we are expected to embark on an investigation that will eventuate in causal knowledge, and this is not possible without a firm grasp of the interrelations between the four types of causes. Falcon, Andrea, "Aristotle on Causality", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2015 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2015/entries/aristotle-causality/. http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2015/entries/aristotle-causality/ “The Church thus set herself forth as the depository and arbiter of knowledge; she was ever ready to resort to the civil power to compel obedience to her decisions. She thus took a course which determined her whole future career: she became a stumbling-block in the intellectual advancement of Europe for more than a thousand years.” –John Draper The History of Conflict Between Religion and Science (1875)

2. Assignment  What is science? Offer a definition.  What is lost in modern science’s jettisoning of Aristotle’s formal and final causes? What is gained?  Explain the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning.  What is the relationship between ontology and epistemology  Write a precis of St. Cyril of Jerusalem’s Fourth Mystagogical Catechesis

3. The Enlightenment  Expanding rational thought that held the prowess of man and his mind in the highest esteem.  Movement away from the Aristotelian natural philosophy and science of the middle ages  Loss of formal and final cause.  Reductionism: Sufficient cause and effect is emphasized. (including an atomistic view of matter).

4. The Enlightenment  Nominalism. William of Ockham  Divine Command Theory (Faith) and Natural Law (Reason). Together or Separate?  Galileo  Descartes  Newton  Empiricism and Morality

5. The Enlightenment Psalm 19: 1 The heavens are telling the glory of God; and the firmament proclaims his handiwork. 2 Day to day pours forth speech, and night to night declares knowledge. 3 There is no speech, nor are there words; their voice is not heard; 4 yet their voice goes out through all the earth, and their words to the end of the world. In the heavens he has set a tent for the sun, 5 which comes out like a bridegroom from his wedding canopy, and like a strong man runs its course with joy. 6 Its rising is from the end of the heavens, and its circuit to the end of them; and nothing is hid from its heat.

6. The Enlightenment Epitaph on Sir Isaac Newton By Alexander Pope (1688–1744) (Died March 21, 1727) NATURE and Nature’s Laws lay hid in Night: God said, “Let Newton be!” and all was light.

7. Modern Science  Approximations and Models  Oversimplification  Epistemology (The study of Knowledge) vs. Ontology (The Study of Being).  Reductionism and the Elimination of Purpose

8. Modern Science Aristotle’s four causes: Material Form (Essence – Nonmaterial) Efficient Final (Telos)

9. Modern Science

10. Assignment  What is science? Offer a definition.  What is lost in modern science’s jettisoning of Aristotle’s formal and final causes? What is gained?  Explain the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning.  What is the relationship between ontology and epistemology  Write a precis of St. Cyril of Jerusalem’s Fourth Mystagogical Catechesis

11. The Eucharist Through the Age of the Church Sunday, when the first Christians met to “break bread” After 70 AD, Christians transferred Temple service of Scripture and prayer to the beginning of the Eucharistic meal Basic pattern of readings, homily, breaking bread and reception of the Eucharist evolved

12. Understanding the Sacrament of the Eucharist Aristotle’s four causes: Material Form Efficient Final

13. Understanding the Sacrament of the Eucharist Form: “What a thing is and what it is for are one and the same”

14. Understanding the Sacrament of the Eucharist Early Middle Ages (500-1000) Transition period (1000-1250) High or Late Middle Ages (1250-1450).

15. The Eucharist Through the Age of the Church Council of Trent established one uniform way of celebrating mass in the Western Church— Tridentine (in Latin) Sacrosanctum Concilium reformed the liturgy; mass celebrated in the vernacular Benedict XVI issued a moto proprio allowing for a wider celebration of Tridentine mass