1. Gender Justice: How One Commission in Santa Clara County Makes a Difference in the Lives of Justice-Involved Women and Girls Friday, January 22, 2016 Sacramento, CA How One Commission in Santa Clara County Makes a Difference in the Lives of Justice-Involved Women and Girls Friday, January 22, 2016 Sacramento, CA

2. Today’s Goals Why Gender Matters When Talking about Justice What Do We Know About Justice Involved Women & Girls? Effective Jail Monitoring Next Steps/Q & A Why Gender Matters When Talking about Justice What Do We Know About Justice Involved Women & Girls? Effective Jail Monitoring Next Steps/Q & A

3. THE DEGREE OF CIVILIZATION IN A SOCIETY CAN BE JUDGED BY ENTERING ITS PRISONS. - FYODOR DOSTOYEVSKY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PRCKE6y8pcY&featu re=youtu.be https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PRCKE6y8pcY&featu re=youtu.be

4. WHAT DO WE KNOW? Women in the Criminal Justice System:

5. U.S. Incarcerates more Women than any other Country 201,200United States (almost 1/3 rd of female prisoners worldwide) 84,600China 59,200Russian Federation 29,175Thailand 4,060England & Wales 449Scotland 44Northern Ireland 201,200United States (almost 1/3 rd of female prisoners worldwide) 84,600China 59,200Russian Federation 29,175Thailand 4,060England & Wales 449Scotland 44Northern Ireland Source: Walmsley (2012). World Female Imprisonment List, 2 nd Edition. London, United Kingdom: International Centre for Prison Studies.

6. Did You Know? In the United States today there are now more than 200,000 women behind bars and more than one million on probation and parole Many struggle with substance abuse, mental illness, and histories of physical and sexual abuse Few get the services they need Source: American Civil Liberties Union, Women & the Criminal Justice System, 2015 In the United States today there are now more than 200,000 women behind bars and more than one million on probation and parole Many struggle with substance abuse, mental illness, and histories of physical and sexual abuse Few get the services they need Source: American Civil Liberties Union, Women & the Criminal Justice System, 2015

7. Over 1 Million Women Under Criminal Justice Supervision in the U.S. 18% of the total correctional population 25% of the probation population 14% of the jail population 7% of the prison population 12% of the parole population 18% of the total correctional population 25% of the probation population 14% of the jail population 7% of the prison population 12% of the parole population

8. Women in U.S. Jails In midyear 2014, there were over 108,000 women in local jails (14.6% of the overall jail population), up from 92,368 (12.3%) in 2010. Approximately 60% of the jail population was not convicted but awaiting court action. The greatest increase in the female jail population was in California. In midyear 2014, there were over 108,000 women in local jails (14.6% of the overall jail population), up from 92,368 (12.3%) in 2010. Approximately 60% of the jail population was not convicted but awaiting court action. The greatest increase in the female jail population was in California.

9. Women in the CJ System Compared with men, women – Have more severe histories of sexual/physical abuse Have a higher prevalence of mental and physical health problems, including trauma related to abuse Most likely to have been convicted of a nonviolent crime

10. Women in the CJ System (cont.) Have patterns of drug abuse that are more socially embedded – revolving around their interpersonal relationships Are typically primary caregivers for minor children Have limited education and employment histories Respond differently to treatment and correctional supervision

11. Differences in Offense Patterns Female crime rates usually much lower than male rates Women’s crimes are predominantly: Theft Low-level drug use & sales Fraud Prostitution Gender gap is greatest for serious crime & least for less serious types of crime Female crime rates usually much lower than male rates Women’s crimes are predominantly: Theft Low-level drug use & sales Fraud Prostitution Gender gap is greatest for serious crime & least for less serious types of crime

12. Offenses In 2010, 25% of women in U.S. state prisons were incarcerated for drug offenses, compared to 17% of male prisoners. Property crimes comprised 29% of the overall sentenced female population in state prison and 18% of the male population. An estimated 37% of women in state prisons were held for violent crimes, compared to 54% of males. In 2010, 25% of women in U.S. state prisons were incarcerated for drug offenses, compared to 17% of male prisoners. Property crimes comprised 29% of the overall sentenced female population in state prison and 18% of the male population. An estimated 37% of women in state prisons were held for violent crimes, compared to 54% of males.

13. Race & Ethnicity In 2013, the imprisonment rate for African American women (113 per 100,000) was over twice the rate of white women (51 per 100,000). The imprisonment rate for Latinas was 1.5% the rate of white women. In 2013, the imprisonment rate for African American women (113 per 100,000) was over twice the rate of white women (51 per 100,000). The imprisonment rate for Latinas was 1.5% the rate of white women.

14. Critical and Interrelated Issues Addiction Mental Health Trauma Physical Health Homelessness Crime Addiction Mental Health Trauma Physical Health Homelessness Crime

15. © S. Covington, 2015 Changes in Understanding: The Centrality of Trauma Homelessness Incarceration Addiction Mental Health Problems Violence and Trauma

16. Trauma History Among Criminal Justice-involved Women Women in the criminal justice system have much higher rates of childhood and adult trauma exposure than women in the general population Trauma history is associated with alcohol and drug dependence, high-risk behaviors, sex work, and physical and mental health disorders among women in criminal justice settings Women in the criminal justice system have much higher rates of childhood and adult trauma exposure than women in the general population Trauma history is associated with alcohol and drug dependence, high-risk behaviors, sex work, and physical and mental health disorders among women in criminal justice settings Bloom 2015

17. Challenge of Criminal Justice Practices (re-traumatizing) Pat searches Seclusion Restraints Pat searches Seclusion Restraints

18. Violence Against Women Women in the CJ system have extensive histories of physical & sexual abuse and are 3 times more likely than men to have a history of abuse One-third of women in state prison & one- quarter of those in jails report being raped at some time in their lives Women’s substance abuse is highly correlated with physical & sexual abuse Women in the CJ system have extensive histories of physical & sexual abuse and are 3 times more likely than men to have a history of abuse One-third of women in state prison & one- quarter of those in jails report being raped at some time in their lives Women’s substance abuse is highly correlated with physical & sexual abuse Bloom 2015

19. Limitations of CJS to Address Battering © 2004 Connie Burk for the Northwest Network of Bisexual, Trans, Lesbian & Gay Survivors of Abuse P.O. Box 20398 Seattle, WA 98012 (206) 568.7777 www.nwnetwork.org © 2004 Connie Burk for the Northwest Network of Bisexual, Trans, Lesbian & Gay Survivors of Abuse P.O. Box 20398 Seattle, WA 98012 (206) 568.7777 www.nwnetwork.org The anti-DV movement understands that people who “batter” their partners: Meanwhile, the criminal legal system:  establish a pattern of control that occurs 24-7  control/exploit their partners over time  use a number of tactics—some of which are illegal, most of which are legal  rely on systems of oppression and societal inequalities to help them maintain abusive control  is designed to address specific incidents and determine if they are legal or illegal  evaluates “moments in time,” not patterns of abusive control  Assumes everyone as equal agents under the law—regardless of societal or institutional inequalities

20. Mental Health Women in the criminal justice system have a higher incidence of mental disorders than women in general Women in the criminal justice system have histories of abuse associated with psychological trauma Approximately 75% with serious mental illness also have co-occurring substance abuse disorders Women with mental illness & co-occurring disorders experience difficulties in prisons and jails Women in the criminal justice system have a higher incidence of mental disorders than women in general Women in the criminal justice system have histories of abuse associated with psychological trauma Approximately 75% with serious mental illness also have co-occurring substance abuse disorders Women with mental illness & co-occurring disorders experience difficulties in prisons and jails © S. Covington, 2015

21. Substance Abuse, Mental Health and Trauma The interrelationship of substance abuse, mental health & trauma is different in the lives of women The pathway to drug use & abuse is more complex for women Women who abuse drugs have higher rates of childhood physical & sexual abuse than men About 22% of women in jail are diagnosed with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) The interrelationship of substance abuse, mental health & trauma is different in the lives of women The pathway to drug use & abuse is more complex for women Women who abuse drugs have higher rates of childhood physical & sexual abuse than men About 22% of women in jail are diagnosed with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

22. Education & E mployment An estimated 55% of women in jail, 56% in state prisons & 73% in federal prisons have a high school degree Approximately 40% of women in state prisons were employed at the time of arrest compared to 60% of males 37% of women compared to 28% of men had incomes of less than $600 per month prior to arrest An estimated 55% of women in jail, 56% in state prisons & 73% in federal prisons have a high school degree Approximately 40% of women in state prisons were employed at the time of arrest compared to 60% of males 37% of women compared to 28% of men had incomes of less than $600 per month prior to arrest Bloom 2015

23. © S. Covington, 2015 Are women more violent now than before?

24. © S. Covington, 2015 Assault and aggravated assault  Homicide  Robbery  Assault and aggravated assault  Homicide  Robbery 

25. © S. Covington, 2015 From 1999 to 2008 1.4% increase in arrests of women for violent offenses. (FBI, 2008) From 1999 to 2008 1.4% increase in arrests of women for violent offenses. (FBI, 2008)

26. © S. Covington, 2015 We do know that women commit fewer violent crimes than men do. We do know that women commit fewer violent crimes than men do.

27. Gender Matters Based upon the significant growth in women’s and girls’ involvement in the criminal justice system, it is important for policy makers and practitioners to acknowledge the appropriate role of gender in the criminal justice system. Gender matters significantly in shaping patterns of offending as well as the criminal justice system’s response to criminal offending. Based upon the significant growth in women’s and girls’ involvement in the criminal justice system, it is important for policy makers and practitioners to acknowledge the appropriate role of gender in the criminal justice system. Gender matters significantly in shaping patterns of offending as well as the criminal justice system’s response to criminal offending. Bloom 2016

28. Gender Matters Gender is also important in examining the differential effects of current policies and practices. Current sentencing laws are based on male characteristics and male crime and fail to take into account the reality of women’s lives, characteristics, responsibilities, and roles in crime. Gender is also important in examining the differential effects of current policies and practices. Current sentencing laws are based on male characteristics and male crime and fail to take into account the reality of women’s lives, characteristics, responsibilities, and roles in crime. Bloom 2016

29. Criminal Justice Practices There is a need to develop gender- responsive programming for women and girls that is based on their life circumstances and pathways to crime. Criminal justice practices that impact women such as bail, sentencing, classification, management strategies, and transition to the community have gendered implications. There is a need to develop gender- responsive programming for women and girls that is based on their life circumstances and pathways to crime. Criminal justice practices that impact women such as bail, sentencing, classification, management strategies, and transition to the community have gendered implications. Bloom 2016

30. Women’s Reentry Challenges Reunification with Children Employment Housing Substance Abuse Treatment Medical and Mental Health Services Childcare Transportation Support Systems Reunification with Children Employment Housing Substance Abuse Treatment Medical and Mental Health Services Childcare Transportation Support Systems

31. Collateral Consequences of Arrests & Convictions Safety Subsequent help- seeking strategies Child custody Child protective services Access to services / mandated services Safety Subsequent help- seeking strategies Child custody Child protective services Access to services / mandated services Deportation Credibility Employment Public benefits Public housing Court fines/fees Other financial implications An arrest and conviction has huge implications for battered women’s safety, self-determination and options

32. Did You Know? RISK FACTORS FOR WOMEN OFFENDERS GENERAL NUETRAL RISK FACTORS GENDER RESPONSIVE RISK FACTORS  Criminal history  Antisocial attitudes  Antisocial associates  Educational challenges  Employment/Financial  Family conflict  Substance abuse history  Dynamic substance abuse  History of mental illness  Mental health history  Depression symptoms  Psychotic symptoms  Child abuse (institutions)  Relationship conflict  Family conflict  Parental stress  Housing safety  Adult victimization (sample variations)  And strengths (self-efficacy, self- esteem, family)

33. The Foundation for Women’s Services Safety Community Institutional Rehabilitation Programming Treatment Services Safety Community Institutional Rehabilitation Programming Treatment Services

34. Trauma-Informed Services Take the trauma into account. Avoid triggering trauma reactions. Adjust organization so that trauma survivors can access and benefit from services. Take the trauma into account. Avoid triggering trauma reactions. Adjust organization so that trauma survivors can access and benefit from services. Source: Harris & Fallot

35. Benefits of Becoming Trauma Informed There is an extremely high prevalence of trauma among women in criminal justice settings; Some of the basic features of female correctional facilities can function as significant trauma triggers for woman. Evidence suggests that the lack of trauma-informed practices in facilities has a negative effect and compromises women’s mental health and success inside and outside of facilities. Creating a trauma-informed culture can contribute to greater institutional/agency safety and security. There is an extremely high prevalence of trauma among women in criminal justice settings; Some of the basic features of female correctional facilities can function as significant trauma triggers for woman. Evidence suggests that the lack of trauma-informed practices in facilities has a negative effect and compromises women’s mental health and success inside and outside of facilities. Creating a trauma-informed culture can contribute to greater institutional/agency safety and security. Source: Lynch et al., 2012; Miller & Najavits, 2012.

36. What about the girls?

38. It’s a puzzle, not a mystery Dr. Barbara Bloom Dr. Stephanie Covington http://www.centerforgenderandjustice.org/ Dr. Barbara Bloom Dr. Stephanie Covington http://www.centerforgenderandjustice.org/

39. Women-Centered Materials and Programs That Show Improved Outcomes Helping Women Recover (Covington) Beyond Trauma and Healing Trauma (Covington) Beyond Violence (Covington) Seeking Safety (Najavits) Female Offender Treatment and Employment Program (CA) In-Prison Substance Abuse Program (S. Covington’s curriculum) Women Offender Case Management Model (NIC) Moving On (Van Dieten & MacKenna) Helping Women Recover (Covington) Beyond Trauma and Healing Trauma (Covington) Beyond Violence (Covington) Seeking Safety (Najavits) Female Offender Treatment and Employment Program (CA) In-Prison Substance Abuse Program (S. Covington’s curriculum) Women Offender Case Management Model (NIC) Moving On (Van Dieten & MacKenna)

40. Meeting the Needs of Women in California’s County Justice Systems: A Toolkit for Policymakers and Practitioners http://libcloud.s3.amazonaws.com/211/11/4/608 /WomensToolkit_singles_5.5.15v1.pdf http://libcloud.s3.amazonaws.com/211/11/4/608 /WomensToolkit_singles_5.5.15v1.pdf The toolkit describes how counties can benefit from developing criminal justice solutions focused on women It is designed to provide sheriffs’ departments, probation departments, practitioners and other leaders with a blueprint for addressing women who are under local supervision. http://libcloud.s3.amazonaws.com/211/11/4/608 /WomensToolkit_singles_5.5.15v1.pdf http://libcloud.s3.amazonaws.com/211/11/4/608 /WomensToolkit_singles_5.5.15v1.pdf The toolkit describes how counties can benefit from developing criminal justice solutions focused on women It is designed to provide sheriffs’ departments, probation departments, practitioners and other leaders with a blueprint for addressing women who are under local supervision. Bloom 2016

41. Women’s Toolkit Goals Ensure that local justice systems are more gender-responsive and that women and their specific needs are not overlooked as decision-makers implement new policies and practices. Enable county justice systems to take full advantage of significant new state and federal funding streams available to implement rehabilitative alternatives to jail incarceration. To help counties develop strategies that can reduce their women’s jail populations by considering the least restrictive alternatives to custody consistent with public safety. To provide information on research- informed, community-based programs and services for women who are involved in county criminal justice systems. Ensure that local justice systems are more gender-responsive and that women and their specific needs are not overlooked as decision-makers implement new policies and practices. Enable county justice systems to take full advantage of significant new state and federal funding streams available to implement rehabilitative alternatives to jail incarceration. To help counties develop strategies that can reduce their women’s jail populations by considering the least restrictive alternatives to custody consistent with public safety. To provide information on research- informed, community-based programs and services for women who are involved in county criminal justice systems. Bloom 2016

42. Goals Continued Help safely reduce counties’ reliance on incarceration through implementing less restrictive alternatives and developing strategies to better manage female jail populations; and Provide information on research-based community-based programs and services for women in the justice system. Help safely reduce counties’ reliance on incarceration through implementing less restrictive alternatives and developing strategies to better manage female jail populations; and Provide information on research-based community-based programs and services for women in the justice system. Bloom 2016

43. Effective Jail Monitoring

44. “What would I tell the women at Elmwood about being out? Get Ready. It’s harder than I thought it’d be. It’s just really, really hard.” – Post Custody Focus Group Participant, 2014

45. “I miss my kids. I just really miss them.” – Inmate to Monitor, 2014 Effective Jail Monitoring

46. “Thank you for visiting us. I can’t believe you’re here. I sometimes feel completely forgotten.” – Inmate to CSW Monitor, 2015 Effective Jail Monitoring

47. Next Steps

48. KEY STEPS TO A GENDER- RESPONSIVE COMMUNITY JUSTICE SYSTEM 1. Women’s Advisory Group 2. Profile of Female Populations 3. Provider Network Assessment 4. Service Delivery Enhancement 5. Risk/Needs Assessment 6. Integrated Case Management 7. Pretrial/Sentencing Alternatives 8. Data Collection 9. Leadership Structure 10. Public Education Campaign 1. Women’s Advisory Group 2. Profile of Female Populations 3. Provider Network Assessment 4. Service Delivery Enhancement 5. Risk/Needs Assessment 6. Integrated Case Management 7. Pretrial/Sentencing Alternatives 8. Data Collection 9. Leadership Structure 10. Public Education Campaign Bloom 2015

49. Questions & Answers Carla Collins 408-299-5152 Carla.Collins@ceo.sccgov.orgCarla.Collins@ceo.sccgov.org Commissioner Franco-Clausen CSW@ceo.sccgov.orgCSW@ceo.sccgov.org CSW Chair Rodriguez CSW@ceo.sccgov.orgCSW@ceo.sccgov.org CSW Vice Chair Lopez-Brooks CSW@ceo.sccgov.orgCSW@ceo.sccgov.org Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed WOMEN can change the world. Indeed, it is the only thing that ever has! Carla Collins 408-299-5152 Carla.Collins@ceo.sccgov.orgCarla.Collins@ceo.sccgov.org Commissioner Franco-Clausen CSW@ceo.sccgov.orgCSW@ceo.sccgov.org CSW Chair Rodriguez CSW@ceo.sccgov.orgCSW@ceo.sccgov.org CSW Vice Chair Lopez-Brooks CSW@ceo.sccgov.orgCSW@ceo.sccgov.org Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed WOMEN can change the world. Indeed, it is the only thing that ever has!