1. HOW MUSICAL LINES INTERACT Musical Texture (Harmony), Form, and Style

2. What is Musical Texture (Harmony)? Musical Texture refers to a number of different characteristics of music  Texture is the number of ________ __________  It refers to whether each line is a ______ or ________ part  _________ refers to how each part relates to each other Can be described as _____, _____, _____, _____ Variations in texture can create _______and drama We will look at three basic textures (harmonies)  Monophonic  Polyphonic  Homophonic

3. Monophonic Texture- “One Sound” __________ means that there is one melodic line with no harmony or accompaniment If multiple voices or instruments are playing in ________, it is still Monophonic Examples of monophonic music  Singing a solo a capella (Whitney Houston, “I Will Always Love You”solo  Gregorian chant Gregorian chant  ____________ instrumental sonatas (Baroque)sonatas

4. Polyphonic Music- “Many Sounds” Polyphonic means that there are ____ or _____ melodic lines of _______ importance Technique of writing several melodic lines that interact is called _____________ Often uses _________, which is when one voice or instrument presents a melodic idea, then another voice repeats it  Not always exact imitation Examples of polyphonic music  _______, fugues, (Little Fugue in G minor ) and canons (Pachelbel’s Canon in D)fuguescanons  __________ ________

5. Homophonic Music- “Same Sounds” Homophonic means there is one main _____ with a less important accompaniment  Accompaniment could be as simple as ______, or it could be more complex If a line in the accompaniment starts to stand out and become more important, then the texture changes to __________ Examples of ___________ music  Melody and accompaniment (Alan Jackson – “The Old Rugged Cross”) Melody and accompaniment  Traditional hymn arrangements (Traditional – “The Old Rugged Cross”)hymn Homophonic writing using chords

6. FarandoleFarandole by Georges Bizet Has two themes: a _____ theme and a ____ theme Starts with the march theme in a ____________ texture, then then violins and violas play a _____________ section (fugue like) The high woodwinds then play the dance theme in a _______________ texture After the full orchestra plays the dance theme, the strings play a ____________ version of the march theme Listen for other changes in texture

7. “Hallelujah” by Georg Frideric Handel Switches rapidly between all three textures  Word “Hallelujah” is usually homophonic, with some imitative polyphony“Hallelujah”  “For the Lord God omnipotent reigneth” is usually monophonic  “And he shall reign” is always polyphonic Changes in texture create _______ for each section of the piece

8. MUSICAL FORM Three techniques that create Form  Repetition  Allows the listener to become familiar with a ______ or ______  Often used with another technique  Contrast  Can be a change in an _______________, i.e. melody, rhythm, harmony, dynamics, tempo, timbre; mood can be changed as well  Variation  ________ of a musical idea so it’s different but still recognizable  Entire pieces can be composed using this technique  Example – Variation on America by Charles IvesVariation on America  Listen and Illustrate the “Theme and Variation” sections in the “Variations on America” (next page)

9. Illustrate (“Variations on America”) Listen and Illustrate the “Theme and Variation” sections in the “Variations on America”

10. Two Major types of Form _________ Form  Three sections: A B A  Can be looked at as a ________ of a ______, a _________ ___________, and a return to the ______________  Each section can also be subdivided, as well Example: Dance of the Reed Pipes from The Nutcracker Suite- By Peter TchaikovskyDance of the Reed Pipes  A section introduces the melody  B section uses the trumpets and strings to vary the melody  Return to the A section with the flutes  Listen and Illustrate the three sections in the “Dance of the Reed Pipes” (on next page)

11. Show the form through your illustration incorporating repetition and contrast Illustrate “Dance of the Reeds” (from the Nutcracker)

12. Two Major types of Form _________Form  Two sections: A B  Can be looked at as a ____________ of a _______ and then a counterstatement with a different theme.  Any section can be repeated Example: “Gavotte from French Suite NO. 5 in G Major” By Johanne Sebastian BachGavotte  See next page for Listening Outline

13. Listening Outline (to be read while music is heard) Listen and Illustrate the two sections in “Gavotte” by Bach

14. Musical Style ____- a characteristic way of using melody, rhythm, harmony, dynamics, timbre, texture, and form. Particular combinations create a _________ sound _________ from the same area, time, or country often use similar styles Musical styles change _______ ______, but it is often gradual

15. Eras of Western Art Music Middle Ages (450-1450) Renaissance (1450-1600) Baroque (1600-1750) Classical (1750-1820) Romantic (1820-1900) Twentieth Century to 1945 1945 to the Present