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Protein Synthesis and Common DNA 3 rd Six Weeks, 1 st subject (3.1) Notes will be posted on Netschool
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Standards to be Learned 6 (B) recognize that components that make up the genetic code are common to all organisms 6(C) explain the purpose and process of transcription and translation using models of DNA and RNA 6(D) recognize that gene expression is a regulated process; 6 (E) identify and illustrate changes in DNA and evaluate the significance of these changes;
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3.1 Vocabulary Genetic Code Sequence DNA RNA Transcription Translation Protein Synthesis Messenger RNA (mRNA) Transfer RNA (tRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
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3.1 Vocabulary Amino Acid Codon Antiocodon Enzymes Regulation Gene Expression Significance Mutation Point mutation Substitution Frame-shift mutation
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Common DNA in all Organisms DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) Common to all organisms, regardless of species Inherited from parents Controls development and maintenance of organisms Each DNA molecule is made up of two long chains arranged in a double helix Each link of a chain is one of four kinds of chemical building blocks called nucleotides and nicknamed A, G, C, and T
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Common DNA in all Organisms An organism’s genetic code is its entire set of genetic instructions (also called a genome) The human genome and those of many other organisms have been sequenced using DNA- sequencing machines A striking unity underlies the diversity of life DNA is the universal genetic language common to all organisms Unity is evident in many features of cell structure Video: (Discovery Education) Biology in Focus: What Are DNA and RNA?
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Protein Synthesis Making Proteins
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Bodies are made up of cells All cells run on a set of instructions spelled out in DNA Bodies Cells DNA
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How does DNA code for cells & bodies? how are cells and bodies made from the instructions in DNA DNA Cells Bodies
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DNA has the information to build proteins genes DNA Proteins Cells Bodies proteins cells bodies DNA gets all the glory, Proteins do all the work
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How do proteins do all the work Proteins proteins run living organisms enzymes control all chemical reactions in living organisms structure all living organisms are built out of proteins
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cytoplasm nucleus Cell organization DNA DNA is in the nucleus genes = instructions for making proteins want to keep it there = protected “locked in the vault”
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Cell organization Proteins chains of amino acids made by a “protein factory” in cytoplasm protein factory = ribosome nucleus cytoplasm ribosome build proteins
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Passing on DNA information Need to get DNA gene information from nucleus to cytoplasm need a copy of DNA messenger RNA-Carries information out of the nucleus to the ribosome nucleus cytoplasm ribosome mRNA build proteins
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mRNA From nucleus to cytoplasm DNA transcription nucleus cytoplasm translation trait protein
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DNA vs. RNA DNA deoxyribose sugar nitrogen bases G, C, A, T T : A C : G double stranded RNA ribose sugar nitrogen bases G, C, A, U U : A C : G single stranded
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Transcription Making mRNA from DNA DNA strand is the template (pattern) match bases U : A G : C Enzyme RNA polymerase
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Matching bases of DNA & RNA Double stranded DNA unzips AGGGGGGTTACACTTTTTCCCCAA
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Matching bases of DNA & RNA Double stranded DNA unzips AGGGGGGTTACACTTTTTCCCCAA
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Matching bases of DNA & RNA Match RNA bases to DNA bases on one of the DNA strands U AGGGGGGTTACACTTTTTCCCCAA U U U U U G G A A A CC RNA polymerase C C C C C G G G G A A A A A
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Matching bases of DNA & RNA U instead of T is matched to A TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGG DNA A AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCC mRNA UCCCCCCAAUGUGAAAAAGGGGUU ribosome
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protein cytoplasm nucleus trait UCCCCCCAAUGUGAAAAAGGGGUU ribosome
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How does mRNA code for proteins mRNA leaves nucleus mRNA goes to ribosomes in cytoplasm Proteins built from instructions on mRNA aa How? mRNA UCCCCCCAAUGUGAAAAAGGGGUU
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How does mRNA code for proteins? TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGG DNA AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCC mRNA Met Arg Val Asn Ala Cys Ala protein ? How can you code for 20 amino acids with only 4 DNA bases (A,U,G,C)? aa
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Warm-up Question 12/2/2014 What do we call a block of three bases of mRNA?
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For ALL life! strongest support for a common origin for all life Code has duplicates several codons for each amino acid mutation insurance! Start codon AUG methionine Stop codons UGA, UAA, UAG The mRNA code
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How are the codons matched to amino acids? TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGG DNA AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCC mRNA anti-codon codon tRNA UAC Met GCA Arg CAU Val Anti-codon = block of 3 tRNA bases amino acid
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mRNA to protein = Translation The working instructions mRNA The reader ribosome The transporter transfer RNA (tRNA) mRNA UCCCCCCAAUGUGAAAAAGGGGUU aa tRNA GG U aa tRNA UAC aa tRNA GA C aa AGU ribosome
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aa mRNA From gene to protein DNA transcription nucleus cytoplasm protein translation trait UCCCCCCAAUGUGAAAAAGGGGUU ribosome tRNA aa
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protein transcription cytoplasm nucleus translation trait
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From gene to protein transcription translation protein
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Get your Tablets Out! Do the transcription and translation exercises located here: http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/molecules/transcribe/
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12/4/2014 Warm-Up Place the following events of protein synthesis in the correct order: a. mRNA attaches to a ribosome, which reads the mRNA b. DNA serves as template for mRNA production c. tRNA anti-codon bonds to codon d. Amino acids bond together e. RNA moves from nucleus to cytoplasm Answer: B E A C D
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What is a gene and what is Gene Expression? A Gene is the molecular unit of heredity in a living organism! Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product. These products are often proteins.
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Gene Expression
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Operons Gene expression requires an operons! A segment of DNA to which a transcription factor can bind! Also called a lac operon The operon regulates gene expression!
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Control of Gene Expression Cells differ in which genes are being expressed It is based on cell function (nerve vs muscle) Levels of control in eukaryotes Transcriptional Post transcriptional Translational Post translational May rely on signals from outside or inside the cell!
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Types of Control Transcriptional control Determines the rate of transcription or if transcription even occurs The organization of chromatin (form that chromosomes take in non-dividing cells) Regulator proteins are called transcription factors Signals from inside/outside cell
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Types of Control Post transcriptional Involves process of mRNA Translational control Involves the ability of the mRNA to bind to ribosomes Post translational Involves changes needed for the polypeptide to become functional Polypeptide: long, continuous chain of amino acids
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MUTATIONS Changes in DNA that affect genetic information
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Don’t let this happen to you!!
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Gene Mutations Point Mutations – changes in one or a few nucleotides Substitution THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT HAT ATE THE RAT Insertion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT CAT XLW ATE THE RAT Deletion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT ATE THE RAT
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Gene Mutations Frameshift Mutations – shifts the reading frame of the genetic message so that the protein may not be able to perform its function. Insertion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT HCA TAT ETH ERA T Deletion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT TEF ATC ATA TET GER AT H H
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Chromosome Mutations Changes in number and structure of entire chromosomes Original Chromosome ABC * DEF DeletionAC * DEF DuplicationABBC * DEF InversionAED * CBF TranslocationABC * JKL GHI * DEF
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Significance of Mutations Most are neutral Eye color Birth marks Some are harmful Sickle Cell Anemia Down Syndrome Some are beneficial Sickle Cell Anemia to Malaria Immunity to HIV
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What Causes Mutations? There are two ways in which DNA can become mutated: Mutations can be inherited. Parent to child Mutations can be acquired. Environmental damage Mistakes when DNA is copied
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Chromosome Mutations Down Syndrome Chromosome 21 does not separate correctly. They have 47 chromosomes in stead of 46. Children with Down Syndrome develop slower, may have heart and stomach illnesses and vary greatly in their degree of inteligence.
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Chromosome Mutations Cri-du-chat Deletion of material on 5 th chromosome Characterized by the cat- like cry made by cri-du- chat babies Varied levels of metal handicaps
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Sex Chromosome Abnormalities Klinefelter’s Syndrome XXY, XXYY, XXXY Male Sterility Small testicles Breast enlargement
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Sex Chromosome Abnormalities XYY Syndrome Normal male traits Often tall and thin Associated with antisocial and behavioral problems
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Sex Chromosome Mutations Turner’s Syndrome X Female sex organs don't mature at adolescence sterility short stature
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Sex Chromosome Mutations XXX Trisomy X Female Little or no visible differences tall stature learning disabilities limited fertility
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