1. WHAT MODERN EVIDENCE SUPPORTS AND SEALS THE CONCEPT OF PLATE TECTONICS? Need to prove when a piece of the Earth was at a particular location.

2. HOW TO DATE A VOLCANIC ROCK!

3. 04.11.b1 STRUCTURE OF ATOMS Electrons Nucleus NeutronsProtons

4. 04.11.b1 STRUCTURE OF ATOMS Nucleus NeutronsProtons SOME ATOMS OF A CHEMICAL HAVE ADDITIONAL NEUTRONS IN THE NUCLEUS, THESE ARE CALLED ISOTOPES

5. 04.11.b1 SOME ISOTOPES ARE UNSTABLE LOSING THEIR NEUTRONS TO FORM NEW ELEMENTS THROUGH THE PROCESS OF RADIOACTIVE DECAY. Radioactive Isotope “Mother” Stable “Daughters”

6. HALF - LIFE Half of all of the original unstable radioactive isotope (mother), shown in green, decay into their stable daughter state (blue), in a given amount of time - the half-life of the radioactive element. Mother Daughter 100%50% 25% 75%0% Time Period

7. FOR EXAMPLE: “WAYLENIUM” Initial level 2048 Half-life 1 million years

15. 300

16. 2.75

17. 1750 0.2

18. YOU WILL NEED :- 1. Estimate of Initial Levels of Radioactivity in Isotope 2. Isotope which Loses Radioactivity Appropriate to the Time Periods Investigated.

19. For example: 10% of decayed “mother” produces “daughter”.

25. 09.02.c7 Radioactive Decay Half-life = 1.26 billion yrs! RADIOACTIVE POTASSIUM ISOTOPE - ARGON

26. Earth’s History

27. WHERE WAS THAT ROCK FORMED!

28. Published by AAAS M. Jardine Science 327, 1206-1207 (2010)

29. 10.02.a3

30. 10.02.a1

31. Magnetic North Pole Magnetic South Pole Geographic North Pole Geographic South Pole CURRENT POSITION OF EARTH’S MAGNETIC POLES

32. MAGNETIC INCLINATION

33. MAGNETIC INCLINATION

34. MAGNETIC INCLINATION

35. MAGNETIC INCLINATION

36. MAGNETIC INCLINATION

37. MAGNETIC INCLINATION

38. MAGNETIC INCLINATION

39. MAGNETIC INCLINATION

40. MAGNETIC INCLINATION AND CONTINENTAL DRIFT Direction of Continental Drift from South Pole towards North Pole

41. MAGNETIC INCLINATION AND CONTINENTAL DRIFT GREEN VOLCANIC ERUPTION AT EXTREME SOUTHERN LATITUDE. GREEN LAVAS SOLIDIFY AND MAGNETIC INCLINATION “FROZEN” IN VOLCANIC ROCKS. 750 mill. yrs. ago 60°S

42. MAGNETIC INCLINATION AND CONTINENTAL DRIFT GREEN VOLCANIC ROCKS MOVED NORTHWARDS WITH CONTINENT. RED VOLCANIC ERUPTION AT SOUTHERN LATITUDE. RED LAVAS SOLIDIFY AND REDUCED MAGNETIC INCLINATION “FROZEN” IN VOLCANIC ROCKS. 450 mill. yrs. ago 27°S

43. MAGNETIC INCLINATION AND CONTINENTAL DRIFT RED AND GREEN VOLCANIC ROCKS MOVED NORTHWARDS WITH CONTINENT. BLUE VOLCANIC ERUPTION AT NORTHERN LATITUDE. BLUE LAVAS SOLIDIFY AND REDUCED, NORTHERN, MAGNETIC INCLINATION “FROZEN” IN VOLCANIC ROCKS. 190 mill. yrs. ago 15°N

44. MAGNETIC INCLINATION AND CONTINENTAL DRIFT BLUE, RED AND GREEN VOLCANIC ROCKS MOVED NORTHWARDS WITH CONTINENT. TAN VOLCANIC ERUPTION AT EXTREME NORTHERN LATITUDE. TAN LAVAS SOLIDIFY AND EXTREME, NORTHERN, MAGNETIC INCLINATION “FROZEN” IN VOLCANIC ROCKS. Present 70°N

45. MAGNETIC INCLINATION AND CONTINENTAL DRIFT DRILL DOWN THROUGH ROCKS PRESENTLY LOCATED IN NORTHERN CANADA Present 70°N

46. WHEN? WHERE? Magnetic Inclination Potassium – Argon Radiometric Dating 2020 0 0.001 m.yr 70°N

47. WHEN? WHERE? Magnetic Inclination Potassium – Argon Radiometric Dating 1700 20 0.001 m.yr 70°N 190 m.yr 15°N

48. WHEN? WHERE? Magnetic Inclination Potassium – Argon Radiometric Dating 1500 60 0.001 m.yr 70°N 190 m.yr 15°N 450 m.yr 27°S

49. WHEN? WHERE? Magnetic Inclination Potassium – Argon Radiometric Dating 1250 70 0.001 m.yr 70°N 190 m.yr 15°N 450 m.yr 27°S 750 m.yr 60°S

50. WHEN? WHERE? Magnetic Inclination Potassium – Argon Radiometric Dating 0.001 m.yr 70°N 190 m.yr 15°N 450 m.yr 27°S 750 m.yr 60°S