1. Please set up your new notebooks….
# pages 1-100
Write on the cover….
Anatomy and Physiology
Your first and last name
Rm # C-1
McCobb

2. PowerPoint Lecture Outlines to accompany
Hole’s Human
Anatomy and Physiology
Eleventh Edition
Shier w Butler w Lewis
Chapter 10
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

3. Basic Structure and Function
Sponge: Set up Cornell Notes on pg. 3
Topic:
Ch. 10 Nervous System I:
Basic Structure and function
Essential Question:
What is the difference between neurons and neuroglial cells?
Ch. 10 Nervous System I
Basic Structure and Function
2.1 Atoms, Ions, and Molecules
What is the difference between neurons and neuroglial cells?

4. For each picture for full credit 1
EQ:
Set up pg. 2
You will need:
Titles
Labels
For each picture for full credit
2.1 Atoms, Ions, and Molecules 1 2 3 4 5

5. Chapter 10 Nervous System I
The nervous system is composed predominantly of neural tissue
Also has…
Blood vessels
Connective tissue

6. Neural tissue consists of two cell types:
1. Nerve cells/neurons:
Specialized to react to physical and chemical changes in their surroundings
Dendrites receive input
Axon carries information away from cells in the form of signals called nerve impulses
Nerves= bundles of axons
Dendrites
Draw and label on top of p. 2
Cell body 1
Nucleus
Axon

7. 2. Neuroglial cells
Surround and support neurons
Nourish neurons
Possibly play a role in sending and receiving messages
Cell body
Draw on pg. 2
Nucleus 2

8. Synapses:
Not a cell
Small space between a neuron and the cell in which it communicates
Draw and label on p. 2 3

9. Neurotransmitters: carry information from neuron to neuron

10. Divisions of the Nervous System
Brain
Central Nervous System
brain
spinal cord
Spinal Cord 4

11. Peripheral Nervous System nerves cranial nerves spinal nerves5

12. Sponge: Set up Cornell Notes on pg. 5
Topic:
Ch. 10 Nervous System I:
3 Major Functions of PNS
Essential Question:
On the top half of pg. 4 draw a tree map explaining the 3 main functions of the NS.
Ch. 10 Nervous System I
3 Major Functions of NS
2.1 Atoms, Ions, and Molecules
On the top half of pg. 4 draw a tree map explaining the 3 main functions of the NS.

13. Main functions of the NS
Sensory
Integrated
Motor
Set up pg. 4
Tree Map:
Main functions of the PNS
Somatic autonomic
Sensory Nerve Cells
Motor Nerve Cells

14. Nervous System
3 major functions:
Sensory
Integrative
Motor

15. Sensory receptors:
Gather information by detecting changes inside and outside of the body and sends it to CNS
Outside:
Light
&
Sound
Intensities
Inside:
Temperature
Oxygen Levels
pH Levels

16. Integrative:
Convert information from sensory receptors into nerve impulses which will be sent to the CNS
The signals are brought together creating sensations, adding to memory, and producing thoughts

17. Motor Functions:
Neurons that carry impulses from the CNS to responsive structures called effectors
Effectors: are on the outside of the nervous system
Include muscles which contract
Glands which secrete chemicals

18. Motor portion of PNS can be divided into two parts:
1. Somatic nervous system:
Oversees conscious activities
Ex: skeletal muscle contraction
2. Autonomic nervous system:
Controls involuntary actions
Ex: heartbeat and glands

19. In a nutshell…. The nervous system can: Detect changes in the body
Make decisions based on the info received
Stimulate muscles and/or glands to respond
Counteract changes to maintain homeostasis

20. Divisions of Peripheral Nervous System
Sensory Division
picks up sensory information and delivers it to the CNS
Motor Division
carries information to muscles and glands
Divisions of the Motor Division
Somatic – carries information to skeletal muscle
Autonomic – carries information to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

21. Sponge: Set up Cornell Notes on pg. 7
Topic:
Ch. 10 Nervous System I:
Neuron Structure
Essential Question:
On p. 6 Make a “picture bubble map” explaining what the function of each part is
Ch. 10 Nervous System I
Neuron Structure
2.1 Atoms, Ions, and Molecules
On p. 6 Make a “picture bubble map” explaining what the function of each part is

22. Neuron Structure

23. All Neurons:
Cell body
Dendrites
Axon
Mature neurons generally do not divide
Dendrites
Cell body
Nucleus
axon

24. Cell body:
Contain cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Lysosomes
Golgi Apparatus
Microtubles
Neurofibrils: A network of fine threads that extends into the axons and supports them
Nissl bodies: consist mainly of rough endoplasmic reticulum (E.R.)
Nucleus with nucleolus

25. Dendrites:
Usually highly branched
Provide receptive surfaces for communication
Have tiny thornlike spines on their surface
Contact points for other neurons

26. Axon:
Only one axon
Slender and cylindrical
Specialized to conduct nerve impulses away from the cell body
May give off branches (collaterals)
May give off extensions with a specialized ending called an axon terminal
Schwann cells: found only in the PNS, encase the larger axons of peripheral neurons
Gaps between Schwann cells are nodes of Ranvier
These layers are composed of myelin (lipids) called the myelin sheath

27. Draw and Label on pg. 6
Cell body
Synapses
Nucleus
Dendrites
neurofibrils
Myelin Sheath
Axon
Schwann cell
Nissl bodies
Node of Ranvier
Axon terminals

28. Important information Location or Examples
Classification of Neurons and Neuroglial Cells
Neurons based on structure….(pictures on 362)
Bipolar Neurons
Unipolar Neurons
Multipolar Neurons
Neurons classified by function…
4. Sensory Neurons
5. Interneurons
6. Motor Neurons
Neuroglial Cells (pictures on pg. 365)
7. Astrocytes
8. Oligodendrocytes
9. Microglia
10. Ependyma
Must have Title
Illustration (large)
Function/job
Important information
Location or Examples

29. Three Neuron Functions:
Some carry impulses into the brain or spinal cord
Others conduct impulses from neuron to neuron within the brain and spinal cord
Others carry impulses out of the brain or spinal cord

30. Classification of Neurons – Structural Differences
Bipolar neurons:
Only 2 processes
Found in PNS sensory neurons
Eyes, nose, ears
Function: They gather information and carry impulses into the brain and spinal cord

31. 2. Unipolar neurons:
Single process extending from its cell body
One branch enters the brain or spinal cord
Found in PNS
Gather in specialized masses of nerve tissue called ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord
Function: They gather information and carry impulses into the brain and spinal cord

32. 3. Multipolar Neurons:
Many processes
Found within the CNS and PNS
Function: They transmit nerve impulses between neurons within the brain and spinal cord, AND conduct nerve impulses out of the brain and spinal cord to muscles or glands

33. Classification of Neurons – Functional Differences
Sensory Neurons:
The dendrites of these neurons act as sensory receptors
Detect changes in outside world
Or within the body
Most are unipolar, some bipolar
Located in PNS
Function: They gather information and carry impulses into the brain and spinal cord

34. 2. Interneurons:
Multipolar
Located in CNS
Function: Transmit impulses from one part of the brain or spinal cord to another
Direct incoming sensory impulses to appropriate regions for processing and interpreting.

35. 3. Motor Neurons:
Multipolar
Located in PNS
Function: Carry nerve impulses out of the brain or spinal cord to effectors
Effectors: structures that respond
ex: muscles and glands

38. Functional Differences in Neurons Picture Tree Map
Pg. 9
Functional Differences in Neurons Picture Tree Map
Sensory Neurons Interneurons Motor Neurons
1. Answer these questions for each
Which nervous system? CNS or PNS
Unipolar, bipolar or multipolar neurons?
What is their function?
2. Give a real life example (Tell a story)
3. Draw a picture for each
1. The phone rings. The sensory neurons in your ear gather the sound information and send it to the CNS
2. Your brain interprets this information and identifies the sound as the phone ringing. This info is sent to the motor neurons
3. The motor neurons send nerve impulses to your muscles which allow you to answer the phone

39. Types of Neuroglial Cells in the PNS
Schwann Cells:
Produce myelin that wrap tightly around the axons of peripheral neurons
Function: Speed up neurotransmissions

40. 2. Satellite Cells:
Small cuboidal cells that surround clusters of neuron cell bodies called ganglia
Function: Support ganglia in the PNS

41. Types of Neuroglial (Neu-rag-lial) Cells in the CNS
Astrocytes:
Star shaped
Abundant (many) processes
Found in CNS between neurons and blood vessels
Functions:
Provide support & hold structures together
Respond to injury of brain tissue and form scar tissue
Transports substances between blood vessels and neurons
Communicate with one another, and with neurons
Aide in metabolism of certain substances (glucose)
Regulate the concentrations of important ions (potassium)

43. 2. Oligodendrocytes: (Ollie-go-dendro-cytes)
Fewer processes than Astrocytes
Occur in rows along myelated axons
May provide myelin for many axons at one time
Functions:
Form myelin sheaths within the brain and spinal cord
Produce nerve growth factors

44. 3. Microglia: (My-crog-lia)
Small
Have very few processes
Scattered through the CNS
Functions:
Support neurons
Phagocytize bacterial cells and cellular debris (immune protection)
Multiply whenever the brain or spinal cord is inflamed due to injury or disease

45. 4. Ependyma: (Eh-pen-di-ma)
Cuboidal or columnar in shape
Found in the inner lining of the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord
Function:
They form a porous layer through which substances diffuse freely between the interstitial fluid of the brain and the cerebrospinal fluid within the ventricles

47. Regeneration of Nerve Axons
Sponge: Set up Cornell Notes on pg. 11
Topic:
Ch. 10 Nervous System I:
Regeneration of Nerve Axons
Essential Question:
Using your book (pg 367)
Explain why functionally significant regeneration is unlikely in the CNS.
Ch. 10 Nervous System I
Regeneration of Nerve Axons
2.1 Atoms, Ions, and Molecules
Using your book (pg 367)
Explain why functionally significant regeneration is unlikely in the CNS.

48. Regeneration of A Nerve Axon

49. Injury to the cell body usually kills the neuron
They are not replaced because mature neurons do not divide
However, damaged peripheral axon may regenerate
1. injury or disease separate axon from its cell body
2. the detached axon and myelin sheath deteriorate
3. Macrophages remove the fragments of myelin and debris
4. Influenced by nerve growth factors, it may grow an extension that reestablishes the former connection.
A Diseased Neuron

50. Diseases of the brain associated with neuron death
-In Parkinson’s disease, neurons that produce the neurotransmitter dopamine die off in the basal ganglia, an area of the brain that controls body movements. This causes difficulty initiating movement.
- In Huntington’s disease, a genetic mutation causes over-production of a neurotransmitter called glutamate, which kills neurons in the basal ganglia. As a result, people twist and squirm uncontrollably.
- In Alzheimer’s (altz-heimers) disease, unusual proteins build up in and around neurons in the neocortex and hippocampus, parts of the brain that control memory. When these neurons die, people lose their capacity to remember and their ability to do everyday tasks. Physical damage to the brain and other parts of the central nervous system can also kill or disable neurons.
- Blows to the brain, or the damage caused by a stroke, can kill neurons outright or slowly starve them of the oxygen and nutrients they need to survive.
- Spinal cord injury can disrupt communication between the brain and muscles when neurons lose their connection to axons located below the site of injury. These neurons may still live, but they lose their ability to communicate.

51. Draw and Label on top ½ of pg. 10
Regeneration of Peripheral Axon

52. Read Clinical Application 10.4 and 10.5
Sponge: Set up Cornell Notes on pg. 13
Topic:
Ch. 10 Nervous System I:
Drug Addiction
Essential Question:
Read Clinical Application 10.4 and 10.5
Answer all Clinical Application questions
Highlight all answers in each reading
Ch. 10 Nervous System I
Drug Addiction
2.1 Atoms, Ions, and Molecules
Read Clinical Application 10.4 and 10.5
Answer all Clinical Application questions
Highlight all answers in each reading

53. Body Story: The Beast Within
Top of pg. 13
Body Story: The Beast Within
Take notes/comments/questions on the brain and neurons’ response to drugs and alcohol

54. On. Pg. 12:
Clinical Application 10.5
Cocaine was originally introduced for what purpose?
LSD was originally used for what purpose?
The effect of a drug depends on what 3 things?
What happens with repeated use of an addictive substance?
Clinical Application 10.4
What do opiates do to the body?
What are endorphins?
Why does the human body make their own opiates?
Why do people have withdrawal symptoms when they stop taking a drug?

55. Ch. 10 Nervous System I Drug Addiction
Sponge: Set up Cornell Notes on pg. 15
Topic:
Ch. 10 Nervous System I:
Drug Addiction
Essential Question:
How does your drug effect the nervous system?
Draw a rough draft of your “Teenagers Against Drugs” Poster
Ch. 10 Nervous System I
Drug Addiction
2.1 Atoms, Ions, and Molecules

56. Clinical Application Drug Addiction
Occurs because of the complex interaction of neurons, drugs, and individual behaviors
Understanding how neurotransmitters fit receptors can help explain the actions of certain drugs
Drugs have different mechanisms of action
Several questions remain about the biological effects of addiction, such as why some individuals become addicted and others do not

57. Teenagers Against Drugs Campaign Posters
Alcohol
Ecstasy
Heroin
LSD
Cocaine
Bath Salts
Inhalants
Rohypnol
Phencyclidine (PCP)
*on Pg 14
Today you will gather information about your drug and identify its effects on the nervous system. Please create a poster designed to encourage teenagers to AVOID the drug.

58. Effects the drugs have on the nervous system
Get out your finished “Teens Against Drugs” Posters
Write your name and period # on the back of the poster
Find the lab table that matches your drug and put your poster at that table
Rotate around the room, and fill out your worksheets
Add at least 1 new piece of information from your neighbors for each drug
Focus on:
Effects the drugs have on the nervous system

59. Intervention: Holley
Look for the effects of alcohol and cocaine on Holley
How has it affected her:
Pregnancies/Parenting?
Health?
Relationships and relationship choices?
Family life?
Daily life?
Finances?
Objective: Next week, you will be writing an essay on a chosen drug. You will need to:
Identify the drug
Its effects on the nervous system
Long term effects on the human body
Look up a news story involving a crime committed while a person was on your drug

60. The Synapse
Nerve impulses pass from neuron to neuron at synapses

62. Synaptic Transmission
Neurotransmitters are released when impulse reaches synaptic knob

63. Resting Membrane Potential
inside is negative relative to the outside
polarized membrane
due to distribution of ions
Na+/K+ pump

64. Local Potential Changes
caused by various stimuli
temperature changes
light
pressure
environmental changes affect the
membrane potential by opening a
gated ion channel

65. Local Potential Changes
if membrane potential becomes more negative, it has hyperpolarized
if membrane potential becomes less negative, it has depolarized
graded
summation can lead to threshold stimulus that starts an action potential

66. Local Potential Changes

67. Action Potentials at rest membrane is polarized
threshold stimulus reached
sodium channels open and membrane depolarizes
potassium leaves cytoplasm and membrane repolarizes

68. Action Potentials

69. Action Potentials

70. All-or-None Response
if a neuron responds at all, it responds completely
a nerve impulse is conducted whenever a stimulus of threshold intensity or above is applied to an axon
all impulses carried on an axon are the same strength

71. Refractory Period absolute
– time when threshold stimulus does not start another action potential
relative
–time when stronger threshold stimulus can start another action potential

72. Impulse Conduction

73. Saltatory Conduction

74. Synaptic Potentials EPSP excitatory postsynaptic potential graded
depolarizes membrane of postsynaptic neuron
action potential of postsynaptic neuron becomes more likely
IPSP
inhibitory postsynaptic potential
graded
hyperpolarizes membrane of postsynaptic neuron
action potential of postsynaptic neuron becomes less likely

75. Summation of EPSPs and IPSPs
EPSPs and IPSPs are added together in a process called summation
More EPSPs lead to greater probability of action potential

76. Neurotransmitters

77. Neurotransmitters

78. Impulse Processing
way the NS processes nerve impulses and acts upon them
Neuronal Pools
Convergence
Divergence

79. Neuronal Pools
groups of interneurons that make synaptic connections with each other
interneurons work together to perform a common function
each pool receives input from other neurons
each pool generates output to other neurons

80. Convergence neuron receives input from several neurons
incoming impulses represent information from different types of sensory receptors
allows nervous system to collect, process, and respond to information
makes it possible for a neuron to sum impulses from different sources

81. Divergence one neuron sends impulses to several neurons
can amplify an impulse
impulse from a single neuron in CNS may be amplified to activate enough motor units needed for muscle contraction