1. The Scientific Revolution

2. The Rise of Science (16 th – 18 th cents.) –The Ancient and Medieval Mindset Dependent on Greco-Roman thinkers No clear-cut lines between science and pseudoscience Europe still very “religious” and “superstitious” –Science became more “modern” (by 17 th cent.)

3. The Scientific Revolution Revolution in Astronomy –Ptolemaic Theory GEOCENTRIC universe Group of concentric spheres Bible, human observation “support” this –Celestial bodies contain “ether”

4. The Scientific Revolution Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) –Polish cleric –On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Orbs (1543) Proposed HELIOCENTRIC universe –Remained hypothesis initially Many astronomers hesitated to adopt it Mathematical concerns

5. The Scientific Revolution The Copernican system

6. The Scientific Revolution Johann Kepler (1570-1630) –Provided mathematical confirmation for Copernicus’s theory –Laws of Planetary Motion Planets follow elliptical orbits, not circular Distance and time of revolution in constant ratio

7. The Scientific Revolution Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) –Professor at U. of Padua –Discoveries with telescope Imperfections on moon Sunspots –Demonstrate uniformity between heavens and Earth

8. The Scientific Revolution

9. Galileo: Outspoken Advocate of Copernican Theory –Asked to treat theory as hypothesis, not fact… –Did not!  summoned to Rome (1632), house arrest –Trial before Inquisition (1633) –Died within Catholic Church (1642)

10. The Scientific Revolution 2009

11. The Scientific Revolution Questions?

12. Further Advances –Physics: Law of Gravity Sir Isaac Newton (1642- 1727) Gravity: same force that holds object on Earth holds planets in orbits –Chemistry: use chemicals to treat disease Old theory: disease the result of imbalance in humors  bloodletting

13. The Scientific Revolution Discoveries in Biology –Human anatomy –Blood circulation –Bacteria discovered with microscope Vesalius and students

14. The Scientific Revolution The Scientific Method –Empirical observation –Data –Experimentation

15. The Scientific Revolution Scientific Discoveries  Revolution in Thought –Old paradigms swept away –Faith in human reason  optimism –Skepticism beginning to brew  need for evidence

16. The Scientific Revolution John Locke (1632-1704) –English writer, political theorist –People possess “natural rights”: life, liberty, property –Function of government Protect everyone’s rights Mutual contract between ruler and ruled Break in contract  ruled have right to reconsider ruler, even rebel!

17. The Scientific Revolution Questions?