1. Intro to Karst

2. Sinkhole in a cup How do sinkholes form? Students use what they know about dissolution of sugar in a cup of water to model dissolution of limestone from groundwater

3. Sink hole formation

4. Compare In the cup  As the water drained out of the cup, the sinkhole formed Sinkhole  As the water table falls, the ground sinks into the empty space left behind

5. Why do we care about karst and groundwater  Georgetown lost its water supply during the winter of 1988-89 when gasoline was detected in the spring that supplies the city. Customers had to be issued bottled water for several weeks  Corvette Museum sink hole:  Filling in the hole will cost $3.2 million and take about eight months to complete  8 cars damaged, valued around 2 million  Attendance went up 67 percent last year

6. Karst features are all around you

7. Kentucky: over 50% of the state contains soluble bedrock (ex: limestone)

8. Aerial view LaRue County Park City, near Mammoth cave

9. Underground view

10. How do we find new sinkholes?  KGS LiDAR study:  LiDAR measures distance by illuminating a target with a laser and analyzing the reflected light  Before the study, there were 383 sinkholes for the study area.  After the study, LiDAR detected 1,683 probable sinkholes.  They field-checked 121randomly-selected probable sinkholes and confirmed that 106 were sink holes, and 15 depressions from other factors.

11. Other resources  KGS interactive data map viewer  http://kgs.uky.edu/kgsmap/kgsgeoserver/viewe r.asp http://kgs.uky.edu/kgsmap/kgsgeoserver/viewe r.asp  Link to KGS LiDAR study  https://caves.org/pub/journal/PDF/v76/cav e-76-03-207.pdf https://caves.org/pub/journal/PDF/v76/cav e-76-03-207.pdf http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_scie nce/terc/content/visualizations/es1405/es140 5page01.cfm