1. Handout 2 Standard 2-2 Geologic Record

2. Chapter 10 Section 3 EFFECTS OF CONTINENTAL CHANGE

3. 1. Name three factors that affect a continent’s climate. 1.Its location in relation to the equator and the poles 2.Its location in relation to oceans and other continents 3.Its mountain ranges.

4. 2. How have movements of tectonic plates affected modern climates? When continents move, air flow and moisture change, causing climates to change.

5. 3. Most of Earth’s continental surfaces were once covered by ___. ice

6. 4. Ice covered most of Earth when all the continents were located near the __________. South Pole

7. 5. What caused Earth’s temperatures to change and its ice sheet to melt? Continents began to drift around the globe.

8. 6. What happens to populations of organisms as continents rift or as mountains form? They may be separated and unique species may evolve from existing species.

9. 7. Why did unique species of plants and animals evolve on Madagascar? Madagascar separated from Africa about 165 million years ago and separated from India about 88 million years ago. This isolated the plants and animals on the island of Madagascar, leading to unique species evolving.

11. THE SUPERCONTINENT CYCLE

12. 8. Supercontinents are a. large landmasses formed in the past from smaller continents.

13. 9. Supercontinents form when b. new convergent boundaries form after continents collide.

14. 10. What causes a supercontinent to break apart? a. Heat inside Earth causes rifts to form in the supercontinent.

15. 11. The supercontinent that formed about 300 million years ago is called d. Pangaea.

16. 12. Pangaea was surrounded by c. an ocean.

17. 13. One mountain range that formed when Pangaea was created was d. the Appalachians.

18. 14. According to scientists’ predictions, what will happen to the continents in 250 million years? They will come together to form a new supercontinent.

19. Chapter 9 Section 1 GEOLOGIC TIME

20. 15. Where can we find evidence of changes in conditions on Earth’s surface? Evidence of change is recorded in the rock layers of Earth’s crust.

21. 16. What is the purpose of the geologic time scale? To outline the development of Earth and life on Earth.

22. THE GEOLOGIC COLUMN

23. 17. The ordered arrangement of rock layers is called a(n) ______________. geologic column

24. 18. In a geologic column, the oldest rocks are located at the _______ of the column. bottom

25. 19. How do the fossils in the upper layers of a geologic column differ from those in the lower, older layers? Those in the upper layers resemble modern plants and animals, while those in the lower layers are of plants and animals different from those living today.

27. 20. What method has enabled scientists to determine the ages of rock layers more accurately? Radiometric dating

28. DIVISIONS OF GEOLOGIC TIME

29. 21. What three indicators do geologists use to divide the geologic time scale into smaller units? changes in Earth’s surface climate types of organisms

30. 22. How are rocks grouped within each unit of geologic time similar? They contain similar fossils.

31. 23. Identify the era, period, and epoch we are in today. See page 213 Era: Cenozoic Period: Quaternary Epoch: Holocene

32. Chapter 9 Section 2 EVOLUTION

33. 24. Where is the geologic history of Earth recorded? In rock layers

34. 25. What kind of information can scientists get from the types of rock and the fossils in a rock layer? Information about the environment when the layer formed.

35. 26. The gradual development of new organisms from other organisms since the beginning of life is called ________. evolution

36. 27. Climatic and geologic changes could affect an organism’s ability to _______. survive

37. 28. What do scientists study to learn why some organisms survived over long periods and others became extinct? fossils

38. The End