1. Israel Internal Splits

2. Israel as a divided Society  National gulf – Jews versus Arabs  Political gulf – Right-wing (“Settlers”) versus Left-wing (“Peace Now”)  Economic gulf – Rich and Poor  Religious gulf – Orthodox versus Secular  Ethnic gulf – Sephardi /Mizrahi Jews versus Ashkenzi Jews

3. Between Church and State  Zionism was a secular movement using religious identity to define a nation.  Ultra-Orthodox (Haredi) Jews rejected Zionism, But most of them accepted the State of Israel.  Almost all governments had religious members  State institutions keep the main religious laws – serving Kosher food and observing the Shabbat  Laws of matrimony are under religious law  Who is a Jew? A debate related to the law of return

4. Ultra-Orthodox, Religious, traditional and secular in Israel (self delimitation 2004)

5. Immigration to Israel by Origin 1919-2005

6. World Jewry by 1948

7. Immigration to Israel 1948-1952

8. Immigrants to Israel as a percentage of Jewish Population

9. Does the question of Origin still matter? The gap between Second generation Israelis of different origins

10. Average years of schooling Sephardic Origin Ashkenazi Origin

11. Percentage of academic degree holders Ashkenazi Origin Sephardic Origin

12. Average Annual income Ashkenazi Origin Sephardic Origin

13. Main attitudes to the Ethnic problem The “solidarity” approach  Integrationist and egalitarian attitude  Disparities were the result of external conditions The “patronizing” approach  Aloof and condescending attitude  Inequality developed in Israel

14. Segregationist and Integrationist factors  Modernity  Ideology of integration  primordial kinship  Social mobility Social mobilitySocial mobility  Economic growth  common enemy  Cross-cutting differences Cross-cutting differences Cross-cutting differences  Colonial order  Actual differences  overlapping differences (origin, class, Political opinion, and religiosity) overlapping differences overlapping differences

16. Overlapping differences SephardicAshkenazi Traditional Secular Right-wing Left-wing

17. Crossing differences Sephardic Ashkenazi Traditional Secular Right-wing Left-wing