1. FIGURE 12.3. Simple maps, just showing the topological relations in an area, can be a simple and effective means of communication to increase participation. Fallen Fruit maps in the United States and from similar projects around the world use these techniques to help people find valuable food resources that might otherwise be lost to the community. From A Primer of GIS, 2nd edition, by Francis Harvey. Copyright 2016 by The Guilford Press.

2. FIGURE 12.5. Angle Lake, Washington, in assessors and USGS topographic map representations. The differences in the maps reflect distinct functional and disciplinary cultural requirements. From A Primer of GIS, 2nd edition, by Francis Harvey. Copyright 2016 by The Guilford Press.

3. FIGURE 12.6. A complex allegory and elements of a map from the early 20th century showing the Russian bear and the Russian army held back by a stout barricade from the culture, farms, and industry of Finland. Many people would call this map an example of propaganda. From Kosonen, K. (2000). Kartta ja kansakunta: Suomalainen lehdistökartografia sort-ovuosien protesteista Suur-Suomen kuviin, 1899–1942. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. Reprinted by permission of Katariina Kosonen. From A Primer of GIS, 2nd edition, by Francis Harvey. Copyright 2016 by The Guilford Press.